முத்தாலங்குறிச்சி காமராசுவை பற்றிய ஆய்வு
ஆய்வாளர்:
uh. me;njhzpak;khs;/
,ay; - 1
(1)
ty;yehL
rpj;jh; rhJ rpjk;gu Rthkpfs; irtrpj;jhe;j E}y; gjpg;g[
(2)
fhpry;
fhl;L fijfs; (rpWfij kl;Lk;) g[j;jf g{';fsh
(3)
bfhd;why;
jhd; tpoa[k; (ehty;) fhy;ah gjpg;gfk;
(4)
bghUiw
g{f;fs; fhy;ah gjpg;gfk;
(5)
bghjpif
kiy mw;g[j';fs; fht;ah gjpg;gfk;
(6)
jhkpuguzp
fiuapdpny tpfld; gpuRuk
(7)
jiyj;jhkpuguzp
(950 gf;fk;) fht;ah gjpg;gfk;
(8)
vd;
capnu tpl;LbfhL (ehty;) fht;ah gjpg;g[fk;
(9)
jhkpuguzp
fiuapy; rpj;jh;fs; irt rpj;jhe;j E}y; gjpg;g[
(10)
vd;
fpuhkj;jpd; fij bghd; brhh;zh
(11)
ek;k
CU mjprak; bghd; brhh;zh
(12)
Mjpr;rey;Y}h;
Ma;t[fs; fht;ah gjpg;gfk;
(13)
bey;iy
itzt jy';fs; fhy;ah gjpg;g[fk;
(14)
bey;iy
irt nfhapy;fs; fht;ah gjpg;gfk;
(15)
rPtyg;nghp
Rliy fht;ah gjpg;g[fk;
(16)
bey;iy
bgz; bja;t';fs; (fl;Liu) fht;a gjpg;g[fk;
(17)
gdp kiya[k; Mg{h;t
fz;lKk; bghd; brhh;zh
(18)
bey;iyj;Jiw
Kf';fs; fht;ah gjpg;g[fk;
(19)
fz;zho
khg;gps;is (rpWfij bjhFjp) fht;ah gjpg;gfk;
(20)
ghiy
tdj;jpy; xU gRk; nrhiy bghd; brhh;zh
(21)
bjw;F
fs;spFsk; gdpkakhjh bghd;brhh;zh
(22)
_Fztjpak;kd;
mw;g[j';fs; bghd;brhh;zh
(23)
_bgUk;gil
rh!;jh tuyhW bghd;brhh;zh
(24)
juzpnghw;Wk;
guzp epjp (gjpg;gpy;)
(25)
bghjpif
kiy ahj;jpiu (gjpg;gpy;)
1.9 bey;iy/ J}j;Jf;Fo khtl;l
tuyhWfs;
(1)
07.06.1999
bra;J';fey;Y}h;
rpwg;g[ kyh; jkpH; KuR
(2)
11.10.1999
fU';Fsk;
Cuhl;rp xd;wpa cs;shr;rp kyh; jpdfud;
(3)
12.10.1999
fU';Fsk;
Cuhl;rp xd;wpa cs;shl;rp kyh; jpdfud;
(4)
27.10.1999
ty;yehL
rpwg;g[ kyh; jkpH;KuR
(5)
10.01.2000
Kwg;gehL
kyh; jkpH;KuR
(6)
26.02.2000
fU';Fsk;
efu rpwg;g[ kyh; jkpH;KuR
(7)
15.10.2001
Kj;jyh';Fwpr;rp
rpwg;g[ kyh; jkpH;KuR
(8)
04.10.2001
bra;J';fey;Y}h;
efu rpwg;g[ kyh; jkpH; KuR
(9)
27.11.2002
J}j;Jf;Fo
khtl;l Myakyh; E}y; jkpH;KuR
(10)
28.10.2002
bey;iy
khtl;l Mya kyh; E}y; jkpH;KuR
(11)
17.01.2003
bra;J';fey;Y}h;
rpwg;g[ kyh;-y; jkpH;KuR
(12)
12.03.2003
mk;ig
efu rpwg;g[ kyh; jkpH;KuR
(13)
14.03.2003
Kjy;th;
b$ayypjh fhy;tha; fpuhkj;Jf;F tUif rpwg;g[ kyh; jkpH;KuR
(14)
09.12.2003
nruFsk;
- ,uhkD$hk;g[J}h; rpwg;g[ kyh; jkpH; KuR
(15)
16.10.2004
fU';Fsk;
fUlnrit jkpH;KuR
(16)
07.01.2005
jkpH;KuR
bgh';fy; kyh;
(17)
28.02.2005
bra;J';fey;Y}h;
efu kyh; - 3 jkpH;KuR
(18)
24.06.2005
nrhkRe;jutpehafh;
nfhapy; Fk;ghgpn#f kyh;
(19)
22.06.2005
Kjy;th; b$ayypjh bey;iy
tUif rpwg;g[ kyh;
(20)
24.11.2005
jPghtsp
kyh; jkpH;KuR
(21)
05.08.2011
fs;spFsk;
gdp kyh; 2011
(22)
31.07.
cyfjkpHh;
khehL - ehfh;nfhapy;
(23)
25.12.2004
fpwp!:k!;
kyh; jpdfud;
(24)
10.03.2004
ty;yehL
rhJ rpjk;gu Rthkpfs; tuyhW jkpH;KuR
(25)
13.01.2012
bgh';fy;
kyh; jkpH;KuR
(26)
rjatpHh
2010 ,uhruhrnrhH njnte;jpud; 1025 Mk; Mz;L tpHh kyhpy; fhkuhR fl;Liu
(27)
,e;jpu
tpHh 2011 kyhpy; fl;Liu.
1.10 ehlf';fs;
(1)
14.10.1995
Kor;Rnkny
Kor;R nkil ehlfk; btl;oFsk;
(2)
11.12.1996
fy';f
ntz;lhk; midj;jpe;jpa thbdhyp epiyak;
(3)
23.05.1996
tlJUtk;
bjd; JUtk; midj;jpe;jpa thbdhyp epiyak;
(4)
15.11.1994
ek;k
g";rhaj;J
(5)
29.04.1997
ghij
bjhpa[J
(6)
16.01.1998
fz;kzpapd;
fhjyd; ty;yFsk;
(7)
17.09.1998
fl;lbghk;kDk;
fypehaUk; midj;jpe;jpa thbdhyp epiyak; (,e;j ehlfk; 5 jlit kW xypg;g[
bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. 31.1.2003/ 30.11.2001/ 08.01.2002/ 03.10.2002. 29.05.2002.)
(8)
30.09.2001
j';ifapd;
thH;t[ ky;yy; g[Jf;Fsk;k nkil ehlfk;
(9)
12.06.2002
bjU
Kid ehlfk; cjtp bjhlf;f fy;tp mYtyfk;k (bfh';fe;jhd;ghiw/ jUit)
(10)
04.09.2002
bgz;zpd;
bgUik ky;yy;g[Jf;Fsk;
(11)
12.12.2003
rl;lhk;
gps;is ngud; My; ,e;jpah nuonah (kW xypgug;g[ 23.04.2004)
(12)
06.09.2006
v';f
tPl;L kUkfs; ky;yy; g[Jf;Fsk;
(13)
27.06.2006
vd;W
jzpa[k; ,e;j jhfk; My; ,e;jpa nuonah
(14)
14.01.2009
nuhgh
kUkfs; khtogz;iz
(15)
etk;gh;
2009 nuhgh kUkfs; rhj;jhd;Fsk;
(16)
mf;nlhgh;
2008 nuhgh kUkfs; ntg;g';fhL
(17)
31.08.2005
fd;doad;
fhy;tha; My; ,e;jpa nuonah
(18)
14.01.2005
v';fSf;F
fhyk; tUk; khtogz;iz
(19)
30.
v';fSf;F
fhyk; tUk; My; ,e;jpa nunah
(20)
16.03.
filaey;Y}h;
My; ,e;jpah nuonah
(21)
15.08.
ehlfk;
gz;lhug[uk;
(22)
25.05.1992
fz;ord;
fz;ord; My; ,e;jpah nuonah
(23)
03.08.1990
nkil
ehlfk; Mwhk; gz;iz
(24)
07.01.1991
khkdpd;
fhjyp Mwhk; gz;iz
(25)
14.05.1992
mz;zp
vd; bja;tk; ty;yf;Fsk;
(26)
14.10.1992
j';ifapd;
thH;t[ g[Jf;Fsk;
(27)
27.07.1992
caph;
jpahfk; murh;Fsk;
(28)
10.05.1992
fz;ord;
fz;ord; neah ;kd;wk;
(29)
06.02.1991
khkdpd;
fhjhyp ty;yf;Fsk;
(30)
16.01.1993
bjhHpiy
kjpg;nghk; My; ,e;jpah nuonah
(31)
02.04.1991
fz;ord;
fz;ord; My ,e;jpah nuonah
(32)
ePjpapd;
epHy; (fjhehafp) Kj;jyh';Fwpr;rp
(33)
kdpjhpy;
khzpf;f (fjhehafp) \j;jyh';Fwpr;rp
(34)
05.02.1995
epwk;
khWk; cwt[fs; My; ,e;jpa nuonah
(35)
03.02.1995
kPDt[f;F
fz; bjhwe;jhr;R My; ,e;jpa nuonah
(36)
25.03.1995
kPDt[f;F
fz; bjhwe;jhr;R vk;.vk;.!;Ty;
(37)
25.03.1995
Ml;nlhtpy;
te;j tud; My; ,e;jpa nuonah
(38)
03.08.1995
jpUe;jpa
gpd; te;j tpist[ My; ,e;jpa nuonah
(39)
06.09.2006
v';fs;
tPl;L kUkfs; g[Jf;Fsk;
(40)
17.03.1906
Kor;R
nkny Kor;R My; ,e;jpa nuonah
(41)
f";rd;
jhjd;Fsk;
(42)
f";rkhkh
My; ,e;jpa nuonah
(43)
nuhngh
kUkfs;
1.11 btspte;j bjhlh;fs;
(1)
05.05.11
bey;iy
kz;ngRk; rhpj;jpuk; 75 thuk; tre;j otp
(2)
.03.2011
eluh$hpd;
g";r jy';fs; 5 khjk; Md;kpf gyd;
(3)
.04.2010
eyjpUg;gjp
9 khjk; Md;kpf gyd;
(4)
15-18.10.2010
eyjpUg;gjp
Myajhprdk; tre;j otp
(5)
30-31.10.2010
bghjpif
kiy g[yd; tprhuid tre;j otp
(6)
7-8-08.2010
r';FKfk;
g[yd; tprhuiz tre;j otp
(7)
04.09.2009
jhkpuguzp
fiuapdpny 13 thuk; rf;jp tpfld;
(8)
.07.2009
eyifyhak;
9 khjk; Md;kpfgyd;
(9)
18.07.2009
brhhpKj;J
ma;adhh; 6 ehs; fuz; otp
(10)
29.07.2007
mhpa
ehafpg[uk; 3 thuk; tPunfrhp ,y';if
(11)
06.05.2007
Kf;Tly;
Kj;J khiy 2 thuk; tPunfrhp ,y';if
(12)
15.07.2007
jhkpuguzpapy;
,uhkaz epfH;t[ tPunfrhp ,y';if
(13)
14.01.2009
bey;iy
ng$;y!; bjhlh; ,d;lh; bel;
(14)
20.03.2005
jhkpuguzp
fiuapdpny bjhlh; jpdfud; bel;
(15)
25.05.2005
ejpf;fiunahuj;J
mw;g[j';fs; bjhlh; jkpH; KuR
(16)
31.05.2004
mjprak;
epfGk; mz;lhh;ofh 2 thuk; jkpH; KuR
(17)
27.08.2008
ejpf;fiunahuj;J
mw;g[j';fs; bjhlh; Kg;ig jkpH; ilk;!; 229 thuk;
(18)
03.08.2003
vg;.vk;.mpwtpg;ghsh;
11 ehs; jpdfud;
(19)
25.07.2003
vg;.vk;.
mwptpg;ghsh; 2 ehs; jkpH; KuR
(20)
30.06.2006
FWf;FJiw
mw;g[j;fs; 2 ehs; jkpH; KuR
(21)
23.06.2003
bghjpif
kiy mw;g[j';fs; 7 ehs; jkpH; KuR
(22)
16.03.2003
ejpf;fiunahuj;J
mw;g[j';fs; 7 ehs; jkpH; KuR (Kjy; ghfk;)
(23)
27.05.2001
bfhd;why;
jhd; tpoa[k; 30 thuk; jkpH; KuR
(24)
Kj;jhy';Fwpr;rp
2 ehs; g[yd; tprhuiz tre;j otp
(25)
mj;hp kiy 2 ehs; g[yd; tprhuiz tre;j otp
(26)
10.05.2012
bghjpif
kiyahj;jpiu 2 ehs; ek;gpdhy; ek;g[';fs; $P jkpH; otp
1.12 th';fpa tpUJfs;
(1)
2003
“r\f nrtfh; tpUJ” ghujp fiy ,yf;fpa kd;wk;
_itFz;lk;
(2)
2003
“r\f nrtfh; tpUJ” rpth$p kd;wk; _itFz;lk;
(3)
2004
“bghUiu g[jy;td;” gl;lk; Kk;ig jkpHh;
nguit
(4)
09.01.2005
“jkpH;khkzp tpUJ” khUjp tpghl;L fHfk;
fd;dpahFkhp
(5)
13.11.2005
“ejpf;fiunahuj;J ehafd; tpUJ” ruj; kd;wk;
bra;J';fey;Y}h;
(6)
22.12.2010
“jkpH;f;fiy bry;th; tpUJ” jpUthLJiw Mjpdk;
(7)
01.01.2011
“rpwe;j vGj;jhsh; tpUJ” ghujp fiy ,yf;fpa kd;wk;
(8)
29.01.2012
“v!;o Mjpj;jdhh; tpUJ” jhkpuguzp - bey;iy
(9)
29.02.2012
“ehl;Lg[wtpay; nkij” jkpH;ehL Kw;nghf;F
vGj;jhsh; kw;Wk; fiy"h; r';fk; bra;J';fey;Y}h;
(10)
“bghUie bry;th;” gl;lk; tH';fpath;
Fwp";rp bry;th; vGj;jhsh; nfhjz;lk;
(11)
27.05.2012
“gjpt[r; brk;ky;” bghjpiff; ftp"h;
kd;wk; bey;iy ,J nghd;w gy tpUJfs; vGjp tUk; ,e;j vGj;jhsh; vGjpa midj;J
g[j;jfKk; bey;iy/ J}j;Jf;Fo khtl;lk; Fwpj;Jjhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. nkYk; ,th; jpUbey;ntyp khtl;lk;
vd;w bgapy; 2000 gf;fj;jpy; xU E}y; vGjp tUfpwhh;.
1.13 Kot[iu
,ay; - 2
2.1.1 bgz;zpaj;jpd; njhw;wk;
mof;Fwpg;g[fs;
,ay; - 3
3.1.5 ntiyf;Fr; bry;yj;jil
mof;Fwpg;g[fs;
,ay; - 4
4.1.1 jkpH;Fyg; bgz;zpd; kdk;
4.1.3 bgz;ikapd; rpwg;g[
mof;Fwpg;g[fs;
1.
Kj;jyh';Fwpr;rp
fhkuhR
vd; capnu
tpl;Lf;bfhL
g.112
2.
jpU.tp.f.
bgz;zpd; bgUik
g.147
3.
nkyJ
g.73
4.
fy;ahz Re;juk;
jpU.tp.
bgz;zpd; bgUik
my;yJ thH;f;ifj; Jiz
g.20
5.
nkyJ
g.9
6.
jpU.tp.f.
bgz;zpd; bgUik
g.23
7.
nkyJ
g.11
8.
nkyJ
g.132
9.
nkyJ
g.13
10.
Rg;gpukzpad; r.nt.
jkpH; ,yf;fpa tuyhW
g.248
11.
nkyJ
g.140
12.
nkyJ
g.140
13.
jpU.tp.f.
bgz;zpd; bgUik
g.223
14.
nkyJ
g.32
15.
nkyJ
g.144
16.
nkyJ
g.42
17.
nkyJ
g.8
18.
nkyJ
g.9
,ay; - 5
bgz;zpak; gw;wpa rpe;jidfs;
,d;W mjpf mstpy; ngrg;gLfpd;wd. nkYk; bgz;fs; bra;a[k; ntiyfisg; bghWj;J
mth;fspd; kjpg;g[ mstplg;gLfpd;wJ. bgz;zpak; bgz;zpaj;jpw;F Fuy; bfhLg;nghh;.
r';ffhyk; bjhl;L ,f;fhyk; tiu bgz;fs; epiy gw;wpa[k; bghpahhpd; bgz;zpar;
rpe;jidfSk; bghpahhpd; vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sJ.
uh. me;njhzpak;khs;/
gjpt[ vz; : 11STML01
,sepiy Ma;thsh;/
jkpH;j;Jiw/ rhuhs; jf;fh; fy;Y}hp/ (jd;dhl;rp)
bgUkhs;g[uk;/ jpUbey;ntyp - 627 007.
,ay; - 1
gilg;g[yfpy; fhkuhR
1.0 Kd;Diu
Kj;jyh';Fwpr;rp fhkuhR
mth;fs; gy ,yf;fpa E}y;fs; gilj;Js;shh;. vd;whYk; btspa[yfpw;F btFthf
mwpKfkhfhjjhYk; mth;jk; gilg;g[fs; ve;j Ma;tpw;F vLj;Jf;bfhs;sg;glhjjhYk;
,t;tpaypy; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J mth;jk; gilg;g[fspy; Kjy;
Ma;thFk;. vdnt ,Jtiu Mrphpahpd; E}y;fs; ve;j Ma;tpw;Fk; vLj;Jf; bfhs;stpy;iy. ehd; gilf;Fk;
,e;j Ma;t[ Kjy; Ma;t[ MFk;. vdnt Mrphpahpd; thH;f;iff; Fwpg;g[/ ,yf;fpag; gzp
r\fr; rpe;jidfs;/ gl;l';fs;/ tpUJfs; Mfpait ,t;tpaypy; vLj;njhjg;gl;Ls;sd.
1.1 gpwg;g[k; tsh;g;g[k;
J}j;Jf;Fo khtl;lk;
Kj;jyh';Fwpr;rp vDk; rpw;W}hpy; 18.01.1967y; gpwe;jth;. ,thpd; je;ij jpU.
r';fuRg;g[/ jha; brhh;zk;khs; Mfpnahh; ,th; gjp\d;whtJ FHe;ijahthh;/ ,tuJ je;ij
fhykhfptpl;ljhy; jhapd; mutizg;gpy; tsh;e;J te;jhh;.
1.2 bgah;f;fhuzk;
1967y; Kd;dhy; Kjy;th; jpU.
fhkuh$; mth;fs; njh;jypy; njhw;f;fof;fg;gl;lhh;. mg;nghJ FLk;gj;jpy; midtUk;
fh';fpu!; fl;rpiar; nrh;e;jpUe;jdh;. vdnt mthpd; epidthf fhkuh$; vd;W bgah;
itj;jdh;.
1.3 fy;tpf; fw;wy;
Kj;jyh';Fwpr;rp fhkuhR
mth;fs; Jtf;fg;gs;spia Kj;jyh';Fwpr;rp g[dpj tsd; Jtf;fg;gs;spapYk; cah;epiy
tFg;ig ghis fpwp!;Juh$h cah;epiyg; gs;spapYk; goj;jhh;. nky;epiy tFg;ig ghis
fjpl;uy; nky;epiyg;gs;spapYk; goj;jhh;.
1.4 gzpa[k; gzpepiwt[k;
jdJ FLk;gr; NH;epiyf;
fhuzkhf 1987y; Kk;ig brd;W gy ruf;F filapy; ntiy bra;jhh; thlif tNy; bra;a[k;
ntiy bra;jhh;/ gpd;dh; tptrhak; bra;tjpYk; <Lgl;lhh;. jw;fhypfkhf jpdfud;
gj;jphpif epUguhft[k;/ ngUe;J elj;Jduhft[k; gzpg[hpe;jhh; jdJ vGj;jhh;tj;jpd;
fhuzkhf gj;jphpf;ifj; Jiwapy; fhy; gjpj;jhh;. rhj;jhd;Fsk; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;
kzp ehlhh; mth;fsplk; 1996-2000 tiu cjtpahsuhfg; gzpg[hpe;jhh;.
1.5 fiy ,yf;fpa <LghL
rpW tajpnyna ehlfk;
eog;gjpy; Mh;tkpf;fth; bey;iy thbdhypapy; jdJ bgah; tu ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf jdJ
gilg;g[f;fis mDg;gp itj;jhh. ntiyahl;fSld; ,Uf;Fk;nghJ jdJ bgah; thrpf;fg;gLk;
mg;nghj midtUk; kfpH;th;. ehlfj;ijj; jhnd vGjp mjpy; eof;ft[k; bra;jhh;. ,Jtiu fij
fl;Liu vd mth; rhh;e;j gilg;g[fs; bkhj;jk; 2080.
1.5.1 ,yf;fpag; gilg;g[ btsptUjy;
jkpHpy; ,yf;fpak; mjpfk;
btsptu ntz;Lk; vd tpUk;gpdhh;. jkJ vGj;jhh;tj;jpd; fhuzkhf gy ,yf;fpa';fisg;
gilj;Js;shh;.
“fz;zho khg;gps;is”
“vd;Dapnu tpl;Lf; bfhL”
“bfhd;why; jhd; tpoa[k;”
kw;Wk; gy.
1.5.2 tuyhw;W E}y;
Mjpr;rey;Y}hpy; cs;s
bjhy;bghUs; Ma;tpy; g';F bfhz;lth;. nkYk; jhkpuguzp ejpapd; KGikahd tuyhW
fpilf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf jhkpuguzp gw;wpa tuyhw;iwr; nrfhpj;J tUfpwhh;. nkYk; ‘jpUbey;ntyp khtl;lk;’ vd;w jiyg;gpy; 2000
gf;fj;jpy; E}y; vGjp tUfpwhh;.
1.5.3 bgz;fSf;F Mjut[
bgz;fs; Kd;ndw;wj;jpy;/
Mz;fs; g';F bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. mth;fspd; chpikfspy; Mz;fs; vjpuhf epw;ff; TlhJ
vd;w fUj;ijf; bfhz;lth;
1.6 fiy ,yf;fpag;gzp
03.10.1988y; FUit
kp";rpa rPlh; vd;w jiyg;gpy; ngrpdhh; ehlfk; vGjpdhh;/ ,isa ghujk;
epfH;r;rpapy; epiwa vGj Muk;gpj;jhh;. jhd; vGjpa ehlfj;jpy; fjhehafdhf
eoj;jhh;. Mwhk;gz;iz fpuhkj;jpy; 1991 Mk; Mz;L mth; vGjpa khkdpd; fhjyp vd;w
ehlfk; mu';nfwpaJ. eog;gjw;F jahuhf ,Ue;j egh; Koahjjhy; mtnu eoj;jhh;. n$hoahf
eoj;j bgz; mtiug; ghuhl;odhh; bey;iy jpdfud; ehspjHpy; gFjp neu ep_guhft[k;/
ng+e;J elj;Jduhft[k; thbdhyp ngr;rhsuhft[k; mtUilag; gzp bjhlh;fpwJ.
1.7 r\fr; rpe;jid
kf;fs; Kd;ndw ntz;Lk; vd;w
r\fj;rpe;jida[k; bgz;fSf;F Fuy; bfhLf;ft[k; ty;yth;.
1.7.1 gpr;ir vLj;jy;
gpr;ir vLg;gjhy; kf;fs;
nrhk;ngwpfshf miyfpwhh;fs; vd;gij cWjpglf; TWfpwhh;. Vbdd;why; kf;fSf;Fg; bgUk;
,ila{whf ,Ug;gijr; rhLfpwhh;. btspehl;Lr; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; ekJ ehl;ilg; gpr;irf;fhu
ehL vd;W vz;zptplf; TlhJ vd;w fUj;ijf; bfhz;Ls;shh;. ,e;j fUj;ijf; bfhd;why;
jhd; tpoa[k; ehtypy; ,e;jpa eyk; tpUk;gp vd;gth; gpr;irf;fhuh;fisf; bfhy;tjhy; fhz KofpwJ.
1.7.2 ,y";rj;ij xHpj;jy;
,y";rk; th';Fgth;
ehl;oy; ,Uf;ff; TlhJ. mth;fSf;Fj; bjhpahknyna mth;fisj; jz;of;f ntz;Lk; vd;w
fUj;ijf; bfhz;Ls;shh;. ,e;j fUj;ij “bfhd;why; jhd; tpoa[k;” ehtypy; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;
,y";rk; th';Ffpwhh;. mtUf;F bfhiy kpul;ly; tpLtjd; \yk; mwpa KofpwJ.
1.7.3 tpgr;rhuj;ij xHpj;jy;
ehl;oy; cs;s bgUk; gpur;ridfSs;
xd;whf ,d;W tpgr;rhuk; jiytphpj;J MLfpwJ. me;j bjhHpypy; <LgLk; bgz;fis
xHpj;Jtpl ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij bfhz;Ls;shh;. ,e;j fUj;ij ‘bfhd;why; jhd;tpoa[k;’ ehtypy; xU tpgr;rhhpg;
bgz;izg; bghJ ,lj;jpy; bfhy;tjd; \yk; mwpa KofpwJ.
1.7.4 fy;tp
jd;dplk; tUk; tptuk; mwpah
bghw;nwhUf;F fy;tpapd; kfj;Jtj;ij vLj;J mth;fspd; FHe;ijfSf;Ff; fy;tpaspf;fj;
J}z;Lthh;.
1.8 vGjpa E}y;fs; :
|
(1)
|
ty;yehL
rpj;jh; rhJ rpjk;gu Rthkpfs; irtrpj;jhe;j E}y; gjpg;g[
|
|
(2)
|
fhpry;
fhl;L fijfs; (rpWfij kl;Lk;) g[j;jf g{';fsh
|
|
(3)
|
bfhd;why;
jhd; tpoa[k; (ehty;) fhy;ah gjpg;gfk;
|
|
(4)
|
bghUiw
g{f;fs; fhy;ah gjpg;gfk;
|
|
(5)
|
bghjpif
kiy mw;g[j';fs; fht;ah gjpg;gfk;
|
|
(6)
|
jhkpuguzp
fiuapdpny tpfld; gpuRuk
|
|
(7)
|
jiyj;jhkpuguzp
(950 gf;fk;) fht;ah gjpg;gfk;
|
|
(8)
|
vd;
capnu tpl;LbfhL (ehty;) fht;ah gjpg;g[fk;
|
|
(9)
|
jhkpuguzp
fiuapy; rpj;jh;fs; irt rpj;jhe;j E}y; gjpg;g[
|
|
(10)
|
vd;
fpuhkj;jpd; fij bghd; brhh;zh
|
|
(11)
|
ek;k
CU mjprak; bghd; brhh;zh
|
|
(12)
|
Mjpr;rey;Y}h;
Ma;t[fs; fht;ah gjpg;gfk;
|
|
(13)
|
bey;iy
itzt jy';fs; fhy;ah gjpg;g[fk;
|
|
(14)
|
bey;iy
irt nfhapy;fs; fht;ah gjpg;gfk;
|
|
(15)
|
rPtyg;nghp
Rliy fht;ah gjpg;g[fk;
|
|
(16)
|
bey;iy
bgz; bja;t';fs; (fl;Liu) fht;a gjpg;g[fk;
|
|
(17)
|
gdp kiya[k; Mg{h;t
fz;lKk; bghd; brhh;zh
|
|
(18)
|
bey;iyj;Jiw
Kf';fs; fht;ah gjpg;g[fk;
|
|
(19)
|
fz;zho
khg;gps;is (rpWfij bjhFjp) fht;ah gjpg;gfk;
|
|
(20)
|
ghiy
tdj;jpy; xU gRk; nrhiy bghd; brhh;zh
|
|
(21)
|
bjw;F
fs;spFsk; gdpkakhjh bghd;brhh;zh
|
|
(22)
|
_Fztjpak;kd;
mw;g[j';fs; bghd;brhh;zh
|
|
(23)
|
_bgUk;gil
rh!;jh tuyhW bghd;brhh;zh
|
|
(24)
|
juzpnghw;Wk;
guzp epjp (gjpg;gpy;)
|
|
(25)
|
bghjpif
kiy ahj;jpiu (gjpg;gpy;)
|
1.9 bey;iy/ J}j;Jf;Fo khtl;l
tuyhWfs;
|
(1)
|
07.06.1999
|
bra;J';fey;Y}h;
rpwg;g[ kyh; jkpH; KuR
|
|
(2)
|
11.10.1999
|
fU';Fsk;
Cuhl;rp xd;wpa cs;shr;rp kyh; jpdfud;
|
|
(3)
|
12.10.1999
|
fU';Fsk;
Cuhl;rp xd;wpa cs;shl;rp kyh; jpdfud;
|
|
(4)
|
27.10.1999
|
ty;yehL
rpwg;g[ kyh; jkpH;KuR
|
|
(5)
|
10.01.2000
|
Kwg;gehL
kyh; jkpH;KuR
|
|
(6)
|
26.02.2000
|
fU';Fsk;
efu rpwg;g[ kyh; jkpH;KuR
|
|
(7)
|
15.10.2001
|
Kj;jyh';Fwpr;rp
rpwg;g[ kyh; jkpH;KuR
|
|
(8)
|
04.10.2001
|
bra;J';fey;Y}h;
efu rpwg;g[ kyh; jkpH; KuR
|
|
(9)
|
27.11.2002
|
J}j;Jf;Fo
khtl;l Myakyh; E}y; jkpH;KuR
|
|
(10)
|
28.10.2002
|
bey;iy
khtl;l Mya kyh; E}y; jkpH;KuR
|
|
(11)
|
17.01.2003
|
bra;J';fey;Y}h;
rpwg;g[ kyh;-y; jkpH;KuR
|
|
(12)
|
12.03.2003
|
mk;ig
efu rpwg;g[ kyh; jkpH;KuR
|
|
(13)
|
14.03.2003
|
Kjy;th;
b$ayypjh fhy;tha; fpuhkj;Jf;F tUif rpwg;g[ kyh; jkpH;KuR
|
|
(14)
|
09.12.2003
|
nruFsk;
- ,uhkD$hk;g[J}h; rpwg;g[ kyh; jkpH; KuR
|
|
(15)
|
16.10.2004
|
fU';Fsk;
fUlnrit jkpH;KuR
|
|
(16)
|
07.01.2005
|
jkpH;KuR
bgh';fy; kyh;
|
|
(17)
|
28.02.2005
|
bra;J';fey;Y}h;
efu kyh; - 3 jkpH;KuR
|
|
(18)
|
24.06.2005
|
nrhkRe;jutpehafh;
nfhapy; Fk;ghgpn#f kyh;
|
|
(19)
|
22.06.2005
|
Kjy;th; b$ayypjh bey;iy
tUif rpwg;g[ kyh;
|
|
(20)
|
24.11.2005
|
jPghtsp
kyh; jkpH;KuR
|
|
(21)
|
05.08.2011
|
fs;spFsk;
gdp kyh; 2011
|
|
(22)
|
31.07.
|
cyfjkpHh;
khehL - ehfh;nfhapy;
|
|
(23)
|
25.12.2004
|
fpwp!:k!;
kyh; jpdfud;
|
|
(24)
|
10.03.2004
|
ty;yehL
rhJ rpjk;gu Rthkpfs; tuyhW jkpH;KuR
|
|
(25)
|
13.01.2012
|
bgh';fy;
kyh; jkpH;KuR
|
|
(26)
|
rjatpHh
2010 ,uhruhrnrhH njnte;jpud; 1025 Mk; Mz;L tpHh kyhpy; fhkuhR fl;Liu
|
|
|
(27)
|
,e;jpu
tpHh 2011 kyhpy; fl;Liu.
|
|
1.10 ehlf';fs;
|
(1)
|
14.10.1995
|
Kor;Rnkny
Kor;R nkil ehlfk; btl;oFsk;
|
|
(2)
|
11.12.1996
|
fy';f
ntz;lhk; midj;jpe;jpa thbdhyp epiyak;
|
|
(3)
|
23.05.1996
|
tlJUtk;
bjd; JUtk; midj;jpe;jpa thbdhyp epiyak;
|
|
(4)
|
15.11.1994
|
ek;k
g";rhaj;J
|
|
(5)
|
29.04.1997
|
ghij
bjhpa[J
|
|
(6)
|
16.01.1998
|
fz;kzpapd;
fhjyd; ty;yFsk;
|
|
(7)
|
17.09.1998
|
fl;lbghk;kDk;
fypehaUk; midj;jpe;jpa thbdhyp epiyak; (,e;j ehlfk; 5 jlit kW xypg;g[
bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. 31.1.2003/ 30.11.2001/ 08.01.2002/ 03.10.2002. 29.05.2002.)
|
|
(8)
|
30.09.2001
|
j';ifapd;
thH;t[ ky;yy; g[Jf;Fsk;k nkil ehlfk;
|
|
(9)
|
12.06.2002
|
bjU
Kid ehlfk; cjtp bjhlf;f fy;tp mYtyfk;k (bfh';fe;jhd;ghiw/ jUit)
|
|
(10)
|
04.09.2002
|
bgz;zpd;
bgUik ky;yy;g[Jf;Fsk;
|
|
(11)
|
12.12.2003
|
rl;lhk;
gps;is ngud; My; ,e;jpah nuonah (kW xypgug;g[ 23.04.2004)
|
|
(12)
|
06.09.2006
|
v';f
tPl;L kUkfs; ky;yy; g[Jf;Fsk;
|
|
(13)
|
27.06.2006
|
vd;W
jzpa[k; ,e;j jhfk; My; ,e;jpa nuonah
|
|
(14)
|
14.01.2009
|
nuhgh
kUkfs; khtogz;iz
|
|
(15)
|
etk;gh;
2009 nuhgh kUkfs; rhj;jhd;Fsk;
|
|
|
(16)
|
mf;nlhgh;
2008 nuhgh kUkfs; ntg;g';fhL
|
|
|
(17)
|
31.08.2005
|
fd;doad;
fhy;tha; My; ,e;jpa nuonah
|
|
(18)
|
14.01.2005
|
v';fSf;F
fhyk; tUk; khtogz;iz
|
|
(19)
|
30.
|
v';fSf;F
fhyk; tUk; My; ,e;jpa nunah
|
|
(20)
|
16.03.
|
filaey;Y}h;
My; ,e;jpah nuonah
|
|
(21)
|
15.08.
|
ehlfk;
gz;lhug[uk;
|
|
(22)
|
25.05.1992
|
fz;ord;
fz;ord; My; ,e;jpah nuonah
|
|
(23)
|
03.08.1990
|
nkil
ehlfk; Mwhk; gz;iz
|
|
(24)
|
07.01.1991
|
khkdpd;
fhjyp Mwhk; gz;iz
|
|
(25)
|
14.05.1992
|
mz;zp
vd; bja;tk; ty;yf;Fsk;
|
|
(26)
|
14.10.1992
|
j';ifapd;
thH;t[ g[Jf;Fsk;
|
|
(27)
|
27.07.1992
|
caph;
jpahfk; murh;Fsk;
|
|
(28)
|
10.05.1992
|
fz;ord;
fz;ord; neah ;kd;wk;
|
|
(29)
|
06.02.1991
|
khkdpd;
fhjhyp ty;yf;Fsk;
|
|
(30)
|
16.01.1993
|
bjhHpiy
kjpg;nghk; My; ,e;jpah nuonah
|
|
(31)
|
02.04.1991
|
fz;ord;
fz;ord; My ,e;jpah nuonah
|
|
(32)
|
ePjpapd;
epHy; (fjhehafp) Kj;jyh';Fwpr;rp
|
|
|
(33)
|
kdpjhpy;
khzpf;f (fjhehafp) \j;jyh';Fwpr;rp
|
|
|
(34)
|
05.02.1995
|
epwk;
khWk; cwt[fs; My; ,e;jpa nuonah
|
|
(35)
|
03.02.1995
|
kPDt[f;F
fz; bjhwe;jhr;R My; ,e;jpa nuonah
|
|
(36)
|
25.03.1995
|
kPDt[f;F
fz; bjhwe;jhr;R vk;.vk;.!;Ty;
|
|
(37)
|
25.03.1995
|
Ml;nlhtpy;
te;j tud; My; ,e;jpa nuonah
|
|
(38)
|
03.08.1995
|
jpUe;jpa
gpd; te;j tpist[ My; ,e;jpa nuonah
|
|
(39)
|
06.09.2006
|
v';fs;
tPl;L kUkfs; g[Jf;Fsk;
|
|
(40)
|
17.03.1906
|
Kor;R
nkny Kor;R My; ,e;jpa nuonah
|
|
(41)
|
f";rd;
jhjd;Fsk;
|
|
|
(42)
|
f";rkhkh
My; ,e;jpa nuonah
|
|
|
(43)
|
nuhngh
kUkfs;
|
|
1.11 btspte;j bjhlh;fs;
|
(1)
|
05.05.11
|
bey;iy
kz;ngRk; rhpj;jpuk; 75 thuk; tre;j otp
|
||
|
(2)
|
.03.2011
|
eluh$hpd;
g";r jy';fs; 5 khjk; Md;kpf gyd;
|
||
|
(3)
|
.04.2010
|
eyjpUg;gjp
9 khjk; Md;kpf gyd;
|
||
|
(4)
|
15-18.10.2010
|
eyjpUg;gjp
Myajhprdk; tre;j otp
|
||
|
(5)
|
30-31.10.2010
|
bghjpif
kiy g[yd; tprhuid tre;j otp
|
||
|
(6)
|
7-8-08.2010
|
r';FKfk;
g[yd; tprhuiz tre;j otp
|
||
|
(7)
|
04.09.2009
|
jhkpuguzp
fiuapdpny 13 thuk; rf;jp tpfld;
|
||
|
(8)
|
.07.2009
|
eyifyhak;
9 khjk; Md;kpfgyd;
|
||
|
(9)
|
18.07.2009
|
brhhpKj;J
ma;adhh; 6 ehs; fuz; otp
|
||
|
(10)
|
29.07.2007
|
mhpa
ehafpg[uk; 3 thuk; tPunfrhp ,y';if
|
||
|
(11)
|
06.05.2007
|
Kf;Tly;
Kj;J khiy 2 thuk; tPunfrhp ,y';if
|
||
|
(12)
|
15.07.2007
|
jhkpuguzpapy;
,uhkaz epfH;t[ tPunfrhp ,y';if
|
||
|
(13)
|
14.01.2009
|
bey;iy
ng$;y!; bjhlh; ,d;lh; bel;
|
||
|
(14)
|
20.03.2005
|
jhkpuguzp
fiuapdpny bjhlh; jpdfud; bel;
|
||
|
(15)
|
25.05.2005
|
ejpf;fiunahuj;J
mw;g[j';fs; bjhlh; jkpH; KuR
|
||
|
(16)
|
31.05.2004
|
mjprak;
epfGk; mz;lhh;ofh 2 thuk; jkpH; KuR
|
||
|
(17)
|
27.08.2008
|
ejpf;fiunahuj;J
mw;g[j';fs; bjhlh; Kg;ig jkpH; ilk;!; 229 thuk;
|
||
|
(18)
|
03.08.2003
|
vg;.vk;.mpwtpg;ghsh;
11 ehs; jpdfud;
|
||
|
(19)
|
25.07.2003
|
vg;.vk;.
mwptpg;ghsh; 2 ehs; jkpH; KuR
|
||
|
(20)
|
30.06.2006
|
FWf;FJiw
mw;g[j;fs; 2 ehs; jkpH; KuR
|
||
|
(21)
|
23.06.2003
|
bghjpif
kiy mw;g[j';fs; 7 ehs; jkpH; KuR
|
||
|
(22)
|
16.03.2003
|
ejpf;fiunahuj;J
mw;g[j';fs; 7 ehs; jkpH; KuR (Kjy; ghfk;)
|
||
|
(23)
|
27.05.2001
|
bfhd;why;
jhd; tpoa[k; 30 thuk; jkpH; KuR
|
||
|
(24)
|
Kj;jhy';Fwpr;rp
2 ehs; g[yd; tprhuiz tre;j otp
|
|||
|
(25)
|
mj;hp kiy 2 ehs; g[yd; tprhuiz tre;j otp
|
|||
|
(26)
|
10.05.2012
|
bghjpif
kiyahj;jpiu 2 ehs; ek;gpdhy; ek;g[';fs; $P jkpH; otp
|
||
1.12 th';fpa tpUJfs;
|
(1)
|
2003
|
“r\f nrtfh; tpUJ” ghujp fiy ,yf;fpa kd;wk;
_itFz;lk;
|
|
(2)
|
2003
|
“r\f nrtfh; tpUJ” rpth$p kd;wk; _itFz;lk;
|
|
(3)
|
2004
|
“bghUiu g[jy;td;” gl;lk; Kk;ig jkpHh;
nguit
|
|
(4)
|
09.01.2005
|
“jkpH;khkzp tpUJ” khUjp tpghl;L fHfk;
fd;dpahFkhp
|
|
(5)
|
13.11.2005
|
“ejpf;fiunahuj;J ehafd; tpUJ” ruj; kd;wk;
bra;J';fey;Y}h;
|
|
(6)
|
22.12.2010
|
“jkpH;f;fiy bry;th; tpUJ” jpUthLJiw Mjpdk;
|
|
(7)
|
01.01.2011
|
“rpwe;j vGj;jhsh; tpUJ” ghujp fiy ,yf;fpa kd;wk;
|
|
(8)
|
29.01.2012
|
“v!;o Mjpj;jdhh; tpUJ” jhkpuguzp - bey;iy
|
|
(9)
|
29.02.2012
|
“ehl;Lg[wtpay; nkij” jkpH;ehL Kw;nghf;F
vGj;jhsh; kw;Wk; fiy"h; r';fk; bra;J';fey;Y}h;
|
|
(10)
|
“bghUie bry;th;” gl;lk; tH';fpath;
Fwp";rp bry;th; vGj;jhsh; nfhjz;lk;
|
|
|
(11)
|
27.05.2012
|
“gjpt[r; brk;ky;” bghjpiff; ftp"h;
kd;wk; bey;iy ,J nghd;w gy tpUJfs; vGjp tUk; ,e;j vGj;jhsh; vGjpa midj;J
g[j;jfKk; bey;iy/ J}j;Jf;Fo khtl;lk; Fwpj;Jjhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. nkYk; ,th; jpUbey;ntyp khtl;lk;
vd;w bgapy; 2000 gf;fj;jpy; xU E}y; vGjp tUfpwhh;.
|
1.13 Kot[iu
Kj;jyh';Fwpr;rp fhkuhRtpd;
gpwg;g[ tsh;g;g[/ ,yf;fpag; gzp/ gzpa[k; epiwt[k; gj;jphpf;ifapy; mth; bfhz;l
ehl;lk; tuyhw;wpy; mtUf;Fz;lhd Mh;tk; kw;Wk; gilg;g[fs;/ tpUJfs; Mfpait
,t;tpaypy; Ma;t[ bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
nkYk; mtUila gilg;g[fspy;
bgz;zpak; gw;wpa rpe;jidfisf; fhz KofpwJ. mtw;iw vjph;bfhz;L/ rkhspj;J jPh;t[
fhz Koa[k; vd;w fUj;ij typa[Wj;Jtija[k; fhz KofpwJ.
,ay; - 2
bgz;zpak;
2.1 Kd;Diu
bgz; vd;W gpwe;J tpl;lhny
mts; ngrg;gLtshf thjpf;fg;Lgtshf/ gpur;ridf;Fhpatshff; fUjg;gLfpwhs;. mtsJ
gpwg;g[/ fy;tp/ tsh;g;g[/ ghJfhg;g[/ jpUkzk;/ kuzk; vd;W midj;Jnk gl;okd;wj;
jiyg;ghf;fg;gl;L tpl;ld. fyhr;rhu tp#a';fs; xU bjspe;j ePnuhiliag; bgz;ik xU thjj;;jpw;Fhpa
bghUshfptpLfpwJ.
fy;tp ntiy/ bghUshjhuj;
jdpj;Jtk;/ btsp cyf <LghLfs; midj;Jk; mtsJ g[wk; vdpy; tPL/ fztd;/ FLk;gk;/
brhe;jk; ,itbay;yhk; mtsJ mfk; MfpwJ. mYtyfj;jpy; gj;J ngUf;F cj;jutplf;Toa
epiyapYs;s bgz;/ cah;kl;l mstpy; Kot[fis vLj;Jr;bray;gLj;Jk; jpwik kpf;f bgz;/
jdf;Fj;jhnd tpjpj;Jf; bfhz;Ls;s mjPjkhd fyhr;rhuf; fl;Lg;ghLfshy; midtUf;Fk;
tise;J bfhLj;J epkph;e;J epw;f Koahky; jLkhwnt bra;fpwhs;.
“bgz;fspd; epiy caUk; nghJjhd; Mz;fspd; epiy caUk; ,t;tpUthpd;
epiya[k; caUk;nghJjhd; kdpj rKjhaj;jpd; epiyna cah;e;J tpLk;”
vdf; fhe;jpaofs;/ bgz;fspd; cah;t[ epiy rKjha
epiyapd; cah;t[f;Ff; fhuzk; vd;W TWfpd;whh;.
Mdhy; ,d;iw r\jhak; Mzhjpf;fr;
rKjhakhf cs;sJ. vdnt bgz;fSf;Fr; rk chpiknah/ r\jha kjpg;ngh
fpilf;fhky; nghfpwJ. bgz;qhpik vd;gJ ngr;rstpy; cs;sJ. bgz;fs; ghypay; td;
bfhLikf;Fl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdh;. Kiwrhuhj; bjhHpy;fs; ghypay; mog;gilapy;
gzpg;ghFghL bra;tjhy; TypapYk; ntWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. FLk;g mikg;g[ Kiw/ bgz;
FHe;ijfspd; tsh;g;g[Kiw/ jpUkzKiw nghd;wit bgz;fSf;Fg; ghJfhg;gpy;yhj
mr;rt[zh;itj; njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd. bgz;fns bgz;fis btWj;J xJf;Fk; epiya[k;
bgz;rpRf; bfhiya[k; r\jhaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
2.1 bgz;zpak;
“bgz;zpak; vd;gJ bgz; tpLjiyia ikakpl;l
nky;ehl;Lr; rpe;jidfspd; jhf;fkhFk; 17/ 18Mk; E}w;whz;oy; nkiy ehl;oy;
gugug;ghd bgz;zpar; rpe;jid ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;od; ,Wjpapy; ,e;jpahtpy; jiy
J}f;fpaJ. bgz;zpak; vd;w brhy; kpf mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; njhd;wp tsh;e;J tUfpwJ mJ
bgz;fspd; chpikf;fhfg; nghuhLk; xU g[jpa ,yf;fhFk;/ mj;njh bgz;zpd; jdpg;gl;l
FLk;g thH;f;ifapYk;/ mth; Mqf;Fr; rkkhdts; vDk; cah; bewpia epiyehl;Lk;
nehf;fj;ijf; fUthff; bfhz;L ,a';FfpwJ”1. vdg; gphpl;lhdpahf; fiyf;
fs";rpak; bgz;zpw;F tpsf;fk; TWfpwJ.
njtje;jh/ “r\fj;jpYk; ntiyj;jsj;jpYk;/ FLk;gj;jpYk; epyt[k; bgz; xLf;FKiw
kw;Wk; Ruz;ly; gw;wpa bgz;ikapd; czh;t[fSk; ,e;epiyia khw;Wtjw;Fg; bgz;fSk;/
Mz;fSk; vLf;Fk; czh;t[ g{h;tkhd eltof;ifahFk;”2 vd tpsf;fk; mspf;fpwJ.
mt;thW eRf;fg;gLk; epiyia
khw;wpaikf;f Mz;fSk; bgz;fSk; xUtiu xUth; g[hpe;J bfhz;L bray;gLjy; ntz;Lk;
vd;gnj bgz;zpaj;jpd; thjkhFk;. “r\fj;jpy; Mzhjpf;fk; Kjypy; FLk;gj;jpy;
bjhl';FfpwJ FLk;gj;jpy; Mz;fs; bgz;fisr; rkkhf - epfuhf. kjpf;Fk; nghf;F njhd;w
ntz;Lk; gpd;dnu mJ r\fk;-ehL-njrpak; vd;w mstpy; tsh;r;rpaila Koa[k;.”3
2.1.1 bgz;zpaj;jpd; njhw;wk;
“bgz;zpak; (Fernirism) vd;gJ bgz;iz Xh; Ma;t[g; bghUshf;fpg;
ghh;f;fpd;w nfl;ghL MFk; ,@J xLf;fg;gl;l bgz;fsplkpUe;J xU r\fg; gpur;ridahf
cUg;bgw;w mjd; ghpzhk tsh;r;rpahf ,d;W ,yf;fpaj; jpwikwf; fsj;jpy; EiHe;Js;sJ”5
“Feminism” vd;w M';fpyr; brhy; fp.gp. 19Mk; E}w;whz;oy; Kjd;
Kjyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ 18Mk; E}w;whz;onyna M';fh';F bgz; tpLjiyr;
rpe;jid vGr;rp bgw;wpUe;jJ vd;whYk; bgz;zpak; jdp xU nfhl;ghlhf tYg;bgw;wJ.
fp.gp. 19Mk; E}w;whz;oy; jhd; ,f;nfhl;ghl;od; njhw;wk; gw;wp ,UntW fUj;Jf;fs; epytp
tUfpd;wd”4.
Mdhy; “Pune Feminist” vd;W brhy;yf; Toa J}a bgz;zpathjpfs;/ bgz;zpak; vd;gJ
19Mk; E}w;whz;od; gpw;gFjpapy; nkiyehLfspy; gFj;jwptpd; mog;gilapy; Mz;fSf;Fr;
rkkhd chpikfs; ntz;o bgz;fs; vGg;gpa Fuypy; njhw;wk; bgw;wJ vd;W TWfpd;wdh;.
njhw;wk; vJthdhYk; ,f;nfhl;ghL bgz;zpa mikg;g[fshy; “Feminist Movement” tsh;e;jJ. bgz;fs; j';fs; kPJ Vtptplg;gl;oUe;j
mlf;FKiwf;F vjpuhf jph;f;fkhf vGg;gpa Funy bgz;zpaj;jpw;F vGrrpa{l;oaJ.
2.2 bgz;zpa tpsf;fk;
“M';fpyj;jpy; “Feminism” vd;W tH';Fk; fiyr;brhy;iyna bgz;zpak; vd;W
TWfpnwhk; ,e;j M';fpyr; brhy; bgz;izf; Fwpf;Fk; Femina vd;w ,yj;jPd; bkhHpr; brhy;ypy;
,Ue;J njhd;wpaJ. bgz; vd;Dk; brhy; bgz;fSf;Fhpa ,ay;g[fis cilats; vd;W
bghUs;gLk; bgz;zpak; vd;w ,r;brhy;/ 1890 ,y; ,Ue;J ghypd rkj;Jtf; nfhl;ghLfisa[k;
bgz;qhpikfisg; bgwr; braw;gLk; ,af;f';fisa[k; Fwpf;fg;gad;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. vdpDk;
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;onyna ,r;brhy; bgUtHf;fpy; te;jJ. jkpHpy; bgz;zpak;/ bgz;epiy
thjk;/ bgz;qhpik Vw;g[ vd;w brhw;fs; ,jw;Fhpa brhw;fshf tH';fp tUfpd;wd”5 vdpDk; bgz;zpak; vd;w brhy;Yf;Fj; bjw;fhrpa ehLfs; “bgz;fs; r\fj;jpYk; mYtyf';fspYk;/ tPl;oDs;slt[k; eRf;fg;gLtijg;
gw;wpa tpHpg;g[zh;r;rpa[k;/ me;epiyia khw;wpaikf;f Mz;fSk;/ bgz;fSk; xUtiu
xUth; g[hpe;J bfhz;L braw;gLk; Kaw;rpfSk;” vd;w tpsf;fj;ijf; lhf;lh; f.
Kj;J rpjk;guk; TWfpd;whh;.
“Feminism” vd;w brhy;Yf;F neh; jkpH;r;
brhy;yhfg; bgz; tpLjiy ,af;f';fs; ‘bgz; epiy thjk;’ vd;w brhy;iyg; gad;gLj;jp tUfpd;wdh;. ,r;brhy; r\ftpay; nehf;fpy;
vLj;jhsg;gl;l brhy;yhFk;. ,jidna fy;tpahsh;fs; (academiciams) bgz;zpak; vd;w brhy;yhy;
Fwpf;fpd;wdh;. bgz; epiy thjk; vd;w brhy; bgz;fis tpthj nehf;fpy; ghh;f;fpwJ
bgz;zpak; vd;w brhy; mth;fis Ma;t[ nehf;fpy; ghh;f;fpwJ.”
“bgz;zpak;” vd;w nfhl;ghL bgz;fis
etPdkakhf;Fk; rpe;jidapd; vGr;rp. ,f;nfhl;ghl;il lhf;lh; gpnukh mth;fs;
fPH;fz;l tiuaiwf;Fs; TWfpd;whh;.
“(1) bgz;zpak; vd;gJ bgz;fs; kPjhd tuyhW kjk;/
bghUshjhuk;/ gz;ghl;L ePjpahd xLf;F Kiwapd; mfepiy cz;ikfis Muha;tJ mjhtJ
bgz;fs; kPjhd xLf;F Kiwapd; gy;ntW ghpkhz';fs; mjw;fhd jPh;t[fs; mij miltjw;fhd
tHpKiw ,tw;iw Muha;tjhFk;.
(2) r\f/ murpay;/ bghUshjhu mYtyf mikg;g[fspy;
Mz; nkyhjpf;fe;ij ,dk; fhl;LtJ.
(3) r\fj; njhw;wj;ij Muha;tJ
mjhtJ/ jha; tHpr; r\f mikg;gpypUe;J gpd;juj;ij tHpr;r\f mikg;g[ njhw;wk;
bgw;wija[k; mk;khw;wj;jpd; tpist[fisa[k; vLj;Jiwg;gJ.
(4) bgz;fs; rkj;Jtk;/ kjpg;g[ vd;gij tPl;ow;Fs;nsa[k;
btspnaa[k; bgWtjw;fhd nghuhl;lkhFk;.
(5) bgz;zpak; vd;gJ bgz;iz Xh;
caphp vdr; r\fk; m';fPfhpj;J mtSf;F Mqf;Fr; rkkhd chpika[k; Re;jpuKk;
bfhLf;fj; J}z;Lk; bfhs;ifahFk;.”6
nkw;Twpa tpsf;f';fs; vy;yhk;
r\jhaj;jpd; rfy goepiyfspYk; bgz; tpLjiyiaf; nfhUtnj bgz;zpaj;jpd; mog;gil vd;w
fUj;ijf; bfhz;Ls;sjhf tpsf;fk; jUfpwhh;.
2.2.1 bgz;zpaf; nfhl;ghLfs;
bgz;zpak; Muk;gpj;j
fhyj;jpypUe;J ,d;Wtiu bgz;fs; r\fj;jpy; jhH;j;jg;gl;Lk;/ Ruz;lg;gl;Lk;/
moikg;gLj;jg;gl;Lk; thH;tjd; fhuz';fisa[k; me;epiyia khw;w nkw;bfhs;s ntz;oa
tHpKiwfisa[k; r\fr; rPh;j;jpUj;jthjpfs; gy;ntW fhy fl;l';fspy;
Muha;e;jpUg;gijf; fz;nlhk;. ,th;fsJ fUj;Jf;fs; bgz;zpaf; nfhl;ghLfs; vdg;gLk;.
bgz;zpa tiffs; :
1. kpjthjg; bgz;zpak;
2. khh;f;rpag; bgz;zpak;
3. nrhryprg; bgz;zpak;
4. jPtug; bgz;zpak;
2.3 kpjthjg; bgz;zpak;
gjpbdl;lhk; E}w;whz;oy;
mbkhpf;fhtpYk; ,';fpyhe;jpYk; Kjd; Kjyhfj; njhd;wpa bgz;zpaf; fUj;Jf;fs;
kpjthjg; bgz;zpak; vd;Dk; gphptpy; ml';Fk;.
“kpjthjg; bgz;zpaj;jpy; kdpjh;fisg; gw;wpa ,uz;L
fUj;Jf;fs; Kf;fpa g';F tfpj;jd. xd;W fhuzfhhpa';fis Muha;e;J ghh;f;Fk; jpwik
,uz;lhtJ jdpkdpj Rje;jpuk;. Kjy; fUj;jpd;go bgz;fSk; fhuz fhhpa';fis Muha;e;J
ghh;f;Fk; jpwik ,uz;lhtJ jdpkdpj Rje;jpuk;. Kjy; fUj;jpd;go bgz;fSk; fhuz
fhhpa';fis Muha;e;J ghh;f;Fk;. gFj;jwpt[j;jpwd; cilath;fs; vd;w fUj;J kpjthjg;
bgz;zpa thjpfshy; tpthj';fspd; \yk; tpsf;fg;ll;lJ. ,uz;lhtJ bgz;qk; Mizg;nghy;
xU jdp egh; vd;gjhFk;. bgz; Mzpd; nghfg;bghUs; md;W vd;w fUj;Jk; epWtg;gl;lJ.
mjdhy; bgz; Mizr; rhhe;J thGk; epiy khwp/ mtSf;Fj; jdpkdpj chpikfSk; Rje;jpuKk;
njit vd;w fUj;J typa[Wj;jg;gl;lJ”7
“Muk;g fhyfl;lj;jpy; 1792-,y; nkhpcy;;nlhd;
fpuhg;l; vGjpa bgz;fspd; chpikfis epahag;gLj;Jjy;/ 1848-,y; brdhfhghy;s;
nguitapd; murpayikg;g[ 1869-,y; $hd; !;Ltl; kpy;ypd; gilg;ghd bgz;fs; moikiag;
gw;wp/ Kjypait ,f;fUj;Jf;fisna typa[Wj;Jfpd;wd.”8
2.3.1 gpw;fhy kpjthjg; bgz;zpathjpfs;
bgz;zpd; ey;ypay;g[fs; vd;W
r\fk; rpj;jhpf;Fk; ,ay;g[fs; mth;fis tPl;ow;Fs; rpiwg;gLj;jp/ mth;fSila
Mw;wy;fs;/ ce;Jjy;fs; ,it btspa;glhjthW mlf;fp mth;fSila Ra kjpg;igf;
bfLf;fpd;wJ vd;W fUj;J bjhptpj;jdh;. ,ij mth;fs; bgz;ik vd;Dk; khia vd
,oj;Jf;Twpdh;. ,e;epiykhwg; bgz;fs; j';fis mh;j;jKs;s thH;f;ifg; gzpfspy;
<LgLj;jpf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;/ jpUkzk; jha;ik ,tw;Wld; thH;f;ifg;
gzpiaa[k; ,izj;Jg; g[Jtpjkhd thH;f;ifj; jpl;lj;ij cUthf;f ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;
tpUk;gpdh;. ,J FLk;gnk xU bgz;zpd; Kf;fpakhd ,lk; vd;w Muk;gfhyg; bgz;zpaf;
fUj;jpdpd;Wk; ntWgLfpd;wd.
2.4 khh;f;rpag; bgz;zpak;
“fhuy;khh;f;!Pk; V";ry;Rk; fk;a{dprf;
fUj;Jf;fs; gutf; fhuzkhdth;fs;. khh;f;!Pd; fUj;Jis V";ry;!; FLk;gk;/
jdpegh; brhj;Jhpik/ murh';fk; ,tw;wpd; njhw;wk; (Origin og the Family
Private Property and the state) vd;Dk; E}ypy; tpsf;Ffpd;whh;”9
2.4.1 bgz;zoikapd; fhuz';fs;
V";ry;!pd; fUj;Jg;go/ “bghUs; Kjy;thjf; bfhs;ifapd; mog;gilapy; Twg;gLk; tuyhw;wpy; rKjha
thH;tpd; njitfSf;fhf cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gLk; bghUs; cw;gj;jpa[k;/ kdpj kD
cw;gj;jpa[k; rKjhaj;jpd; tuyhw;iwj; jPh;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;. ,e;j ,uz;L fhuzpfSk;
bjhHpyhsh;fspd; Kd;ndw;w epiya[lDk;/ FLk;g epiya[lDk; nrh;e;J nrh;e;J
tuyhw;wpy; xU fhy fl;lj;jpd; rKjha mikg;ig cUthf;Ffpd;wd”10 mth; fUj;Jg;go bgz;fs; FLk;gj;jpd; \yk; jhH;epiy miltnj Kjd; Kjyhf
cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.
r\fj;jpd; Muk;gfhyfl;lj;jpy; jdpegh; brhj;Jhpik fpilahJ.
kf;fs; Tl;l'; Tl;lkhf thH;e;J gyUld; clYwt[ bfhz;L kf;fisg; bgw;bwLj;jdh;.
mjdhy; xU FHe;ijf;F mjd; md;iaj;jhd; milahsk; bjhpa[k;. je;ij ahbudj; bjhpahJ.
,t;thwhd r\f';fspy; jha;tHpr; r\f mikg;g[ tHf;fpypUe;jJ. bgz;fSf;F kjpg;g[ ,Ue;jJ.
Mz;fSk; bgz;fSk; bra;a[k; ntiyfspy; cah;t[ jhH;t[ fpilahJ. gpd;g[ jdp egh;
brhj;Jf;fs; mjpfhpf;f/ mjpfhpf;f/ kdpjDf;F kw;w kdpjh;fspd; ciHg;g[
njitg;gl;lJ. ,J kpUf';fis tsh;f;fj; bjhl';fpa fhy fl;lj;jpypUe;J Muk;gkhapw;W.
Mqf;Fg;g[Jtpjkhd bry;tk; nrh;e;jJ. ,ij mtd; jdf;Fg; gpwe;j FHe;ijfs; kl;Lnk
thhprhf mila ntz;Lbkd tpUk;gpdhd;/ ,jw;F cjtpahf xU bgz; xU Miz kl;Lnk
kdk;g[hpe;J mtDf;Ff; FHe;ijfs; bgw;bwLf;FkhW typa[Wj;jpdhd;. ,e;j fl;lhak;
Mz;fSf;Ff; fpilahJ. ,f;fl;lj;jpy; jha;tHpr; r\f Kiwkhwp/ je;ij tHpr; r\f Kiw
Muk;gkhapw;W.
2.5 nrhyprg; bgz;zpak;
nrh#yprf; fUj;Jf;fs;
uhgh;l; yd;/ rhh;y!; g[hpah;/ brapz;l; rpkhd;!; KjypnahuJ nfhl;ghLfspy; Muk;g
fhy';fspnyna gutpf;fple;jd. mth;fs; Vw;wj;jhH;t[fsw;w rkjh;k rKjhaj;ij cUthf;f
Kad;wdh;.
“1973-fspy; khh;f;rpaf; nfhl;ghl;oy; ek;gpf;if
cs;s mbkhpf;fg; bgz;zpathjpfs;/ khh;f;rpak;/ bgz;zpak; Mfpa ,uz;L
nfhl;ghLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; fUj;J ntWghLfis xG';FgLj;jt[k;/ bgz;fs;
mDgtpf;Fk; vy;yhtpjkhd eRf;Fjypd; fhuz';fisa[k; mwpe;J mtw;iw ePf;Fk; Kiwfis Muhat[k;
bgz;zpaf; FGf;fis Vw;gLj;jpdh;/ jdpj;jpa';fpa bgz;zpathjpfSk; khh;f;rpathjpfSk;
Tl ,k;Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;ldh;”11
,e;j Kaw;rpapd; tpisthf
Vw;gl;lJjhd; nrh#pyp bgz;zpak; / bgz;zpa nrh#yprk; ,J bgz;zpa fUj;Jf;fspd; \yKk; khh;f;rpaf;
fUj;Jf;fspd; \yKk; bgz;zoikapd; fhuz';fis Muha Kw;gl;lJ.
2.6 jPtpug; bgz;zpak;
“jPtpu bgz;zpak; 1960-fspy; bjhl';fp
bgz;zpaj;jpw;F mjd; mikg;gpw;Fk; g[J tpsf;f';fis mspj;jJ. ,jpy; <Lgl;l
bgz;fs; murpaypy; g[J ,lJ rhhpiar; nrh;e;jth;fs; Mth;”12
“,th;fsJ thjk; bgz;fspd; ,aw;ifahd jd;ikfs; vd;d
vd;gij ikakhff; bfhz;lJ. kpjthjg; bgz;zpathjpfSk; nr#yprg; bgz;zpathjpfSk;/
bgz;fSk; Mz;fisg; nghd;W Rje;jpukhd kdpjh;fs; vd;gij xg;g[f; bfhz;ldh;. ,J
bgz;zpaj;jpd; ikaf; fUj;J. Mdhy; mth;fs; Mz;fSk; bgz;fSk; rpy jd;ikfspy;
ntWgLfpd;wdh;” vd;W bfhz;ldh;.
2.7 bgz;zpaj;jpw;Ff; Fuy; bfhLg;nghh;
1975 Mk; Mz;L cyfg; bgz;fs;
Mz;lhfj; njrpag; bghJf;Tl;lj;jpy; mwptpf;fg;gl;Lk; bgz;fspd; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;F
monfhyg; gl;lJ. mJ Kjw;bfhz;L bgz;zpak; bgz; tpLjiy/ bgz;qhpik/ bgz; Rje;jpuk;
vd;bwy;yhk; miw Tty;fs; mfpybk';Fk; xypj;Jf; bfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wd. MapDk; bgz;fs;
Mz;L mwptpf;fg;g;L fhy; E}w;whz;lhfpa[k; bgz;zpak; rKjhaj;jpy; ,d;Dk; rhpahfg;
g[hpe;J bfhs;sg;gltpy;iy vd;gnj cz;ik epiy. ekJ ,e;jpag; ghuk;ghpaj;jpw;Fg;
bgz;zpak; njit jhdh vd;gJ Mz;fspilna kl;Lky;y bgz;fs; kj;jpapYk; nfs;tpf;
Fwpahfnt epw;fpwJ.
“bgz;zpak; vd;gJ bgz;fisf; FLk;gj;ij tpl;L btspna
tuj; J}z;Lfpd;w nfhl;ghL vd;W bgz;fns tpkh;rpf;fpd;w NH;epiyapy; bgz;zpak;
ngRtijtplg; bgz;zpaj;ijr; rhpahd ghijapy; bfhz;L bry;yt[k; r\fk; mijg;g[hpe;J
bfhz;L Vw;Wf; bfhs;tJ mog;gilahd njitahfpwJ.13 ,jdog;gilapy; bgz;zpar; rpe;jidfSk;/ nfhl;ghLfSk;/
vj;jifa njhw;wj;jpida[k; tsh;r;rpapida[k; bgw;Ws;sJ vd;gijf; fhzyhk;.
2.7.1 bgl;o g;iuld;
“bgl;o g;iuld; jdJ ‘,uz;lhtJ fl;lk;’ (The second Stage) vd;Dk; E}ypy; jdJ
fUj;Jf;fisg; gpd;tUkhW vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;. mtuJ fUj;Jg;go 1960-fspy; bgz;fs; r\fj;jpy; j';fisr; Rw;wp
vGg;gg;gl;oUe;j bgz;ikapd; khiafisj; jfh;j;Jf;bfhz;L btspg;gl Kjw;fl;lg;
nghuhl;lk; elj;j ntz;oapUe;jJ. bgz;fs; j';fsplk; cs;s rf;jpfis btspg;gLj;jt[k;/
btsp thH;f;ifapy; cs;s Mjhu';fis KGikahf milat[k; ,J njitahf ,Ue;jJ. ,g;bghGJ
Mz; bgz; ,UghyUk; thH;f;ifg; gzpfis nkw;bfhz;L/ FHe;ijfisa[k; tsh;f;f ntz;oa
thH;f;if Kiwia nkw;bfhz;Ls;sdh;. ,t;thH;f;if Kiwf;Fj; jf;fthW r\fj;ijr;
rPh;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ.”14
2.7.2 $Pd; bgj;nj vy;#;ild;
“bgl;o g;iulidtpl mjpf mstpyhd gHik thjj;Jf;F
vy;#;ild; jd;Dila ‘’bghJ Mz; jdpg;bgz;’ (Public Man Private woman) vd;w g[j;jfj;jpd; \yk;
miHj;Jr; bry;fpwhh;. mth; bgz;zpa thjpfs; FLk;gj;jpw;F vjpuhfj; bjhptpj;j
fUj;Jf;fs; epaha kw;wit/ bghWg;gw;wit vdf; fUJfpd;whh;. mth;fs; jha;ikia
btWj;Jf; FLk;gj;ijr; rpjwr; bra;J kdpjh;fis me;epag;gLj;jpdh; vdr;rhLfpd;whh;.”15
2.7.3 b$h;kd; f;hPh;
“b$h;kd; f;hph; jdJ ghypaYk; tPjpa[k; (Sex and Destiny) vd;w g[j;jfj;jpy; ,f;fhy
mog;gilf; (nuclear) FLk;gj;jpw;Fk; gH';fhy tphpt[w;w FLk;gj;jpw;Fkpilna cs;s
ntWghLfis tsh;g;gjw;F Vw;w NH;epiyiaf; bfhz;lit vd tpthpf;fpd;whh;.”16
2.7.4 nfuy; kf;kpy;yd; (Caral Mc middian)
‘bgz; gFj;jwpt[ ,aw;if’ (Woman, Reason and Nature) vd;w g[j;jfj;jpy; jd;idg; bgz;zpathjpfs; bra;j
jtWfis Ma;t[ bra;a[k; xU jj;Jt"hdp vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;L/ jdJ
fUj;Jf;fisf; TWfpd;whh;. mth; nky;ehl;L tp";"hdpfs; tFj;j ,U TWfshd/ “gFj;jwpt[ - czh;r;rpfs;/ ,aw;if - fyhrhuk; vd;w ntWghLfis
vjph;f;fpwhh; bgz;fs; mth;fSf;F ,aw;ifapy; mike;j FHe;ij gpwg;g[/ FHe;ij
tsh;g;g[ Kjypa g';Ffisj; jpUk;gpg; nghf ntz;Lk;”17 vdt[k; TWfpwhh;.
2.8 bghpahhpd; bgz;zpar; rpe;jidfs;
r\fj;jpd; rhf;filapny
Cwpf;fple;j kjk;/ rhjpaj; jPl;lhik/ bgz;zoik nghd;w bray;fspy; ,Hpt[gl;Lf;
fple;j r\fj;ijr; rPh;jpUj;Jk; bra;j bgUikf; Fhpath; bghpahh;. je;ij bghpahh;
mth;fspd; bgz;qhpikr; rpe;jid vd;gJ ‘rpe;jid’ vd;wstpy; ,y;yhky; braypYk; ,Ue;jJ.
2.8.1 Rkf;f itj;j ,Hpt[
kD (m) jh;k rhj;jpuj;jpd;
xl;Lbkj;jg; gf;f';fSk; moikj;jdj;ij typa[Wj;Jtd vd;gijf; fz;lwpe;J mijj; jPapl
Kad;wth; bghpahh;. “,e;jpahit bghWj;jtiu bgz;zoikj; jdk; rhj;jpuk;/
rk;gpujhak;/ rl';F kw;Wk; rl;lj;njhL bjhlh;g[ilaJ. g[uhz';fspYk; ,jpfhr';fspYk;
bjhlh;g[ila bgz;fs; khz;g[ gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. khwhf ,Hpitna Rke;J epw;fpd;wdh;
vd;gij Ma;tpd; fUg;bghUshf;fpdhh;. g[uhz';fspny ngrg;gLfpd;w vy;yhg; bgz;fSnk
Mzhjpf;ff; bfhLikf;F Vnjh xU tifapy; gypahfpwhh;fs; vd;gijg; bghpahh; jd; Ma;tp
tHp ep+gpj;jhh;”18.
2.8.2 cz;ikahdg; bgz;fs; tpLjiy
bgz;zoik vd;gjd; Kothfg;
bghpahh; gpd;tUkhW vGjpdhh;. “cz;ikahfg; bgz;fs; tpLjiy ntz;Lkhdhy; xU
gpwg;g[f; bfhU ePjp tH';Fk; eph;ge;jf; fw;g[ Kiw xHpe;J/ ,U gpwg;gpw;Fk; rkkhd
Rnar;irf; fw;g[Kiw Vw;gl ntz;Lk;”19 vd;W Twpdhh;. ,f;fUj;J KG
kdpj tpLjiyf;F Kj;jha;g;ghd xU fUg;bghUshFk;.
nkYk; bgz;qhpik vd;gJ “Mz;fSf;fhd vy;yh chpikfSk; bgz;fSf;Fk; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;” vd;W Twpdhh;.
2.8.3 Rakhpahij ,af;fk;
1920fspy; Jt';fg;gl;Lj;
jkHfj;jpy; Nwhtspaha;r; NHd;w Rakwpahij ,af;fj;jpd; mog;gilf; bfhs;iffspy;
Ie;jhtJ bfhs;ifna bgz; tpLjiyahFk;/ “bgz;fis moikfshf;fp itj;jpUe;J Mzhjpf;fr; r\fj;ij xHpf;f bghpahh; bfhLj;j
Funy ‘Rakhpahijf; Fuy;’. 1929Mk; Mz;oy; br';fw;gl;oy;
ele;j Kjy; Rakhpahij khfhz khehl;oy;/ bgz;fs; chpikia epiyehl;Lk; tifapy;
gy;ntW jPh;khz';fs; epiwntw;wg;gl;ld.
2.9 ,e;jpag; bgz;zpak;
nkiy ehLfspy; bgz;zpaf;
fUj;Jf;fs; fhyg;nghf;fpy; tsh;e;J khWghlile;jijf; fz;nlhk;. ,jw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk;
me;ehLfspy; khwptUk; r\fr; NHYf;fpiae;jthW bgz;zpaf; fUj;JfSk;
khWghl;ile;jjhFk;. bgz;fspilna Vw;gl;l tpHpg;g[zh;r;rpa[k; j';fs; epiyia khw;w
,th;fs; vLj;Jf;bfhz;l Kaw;rpfSk; ,jw;F tpHpnfhypd.
2.9.1 ,e;jpag; bgz;fspd; r\f epiy
“,e;jpar; rKjhaj;jpd; Muk;gfhy';fspy; epytpa
,e;jpa bgz;fspd; epiyiag; gw;wpar; rhpahd Kiwapy; tpsf;fj;ij mwpa jFe;j
Mjhu';fs; ,y;iy. ,jw;F ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; vGjg;gl;l ,yf;fpa';fSk; rhpj;jpur;
rhd;WfSnk Jiz epw;fpd;wd.”20
Kt[iu
bgz;fs; eiy cau midj;J
ntiyfisa[k; bgz;fs; bra;tjw;F Kd;tuntz;Lk;. bgz;zpak; gw;wp E}y;fspYk;/
VLfspYk; vGjp kf;fSf;F tpHpg;g[zh;r;rpia Vw;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. mf;fhyk; bjhl;L ,d;W
tiu bgz;zpak; gw;wpa rpe;jidfisr; bray;ghl;ow;Ff; bfhz;Ltu ntz;Lk;.
mof;Fwpg;g[fs;
1. njtj;jh. lh nkYk; g - 7.
2. b$a;Fkhh; m. bgz;fSk;
r\fKk; g - 8.
3. gpnukh. ,uh bgz;zpak; -
mqFKiwfs; g - 17.
4. nkyJ g - 18.
5. nkyJ g - 18.
6. gpnukh ,uh. bgz;zpak; -
mqFKiwfs; g - 18.
7. nkyJ g - 19/ 20.
8. Kj;Jr;rpjk;guk; bgz;zpak;
njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpa[k; g - 78.
9. nkyJ g - 78.
10. nkyJ g - 81.
11. nkyJ g - 81/ 82.
12. nkyJ g - 86.
13. thRfp b$auj;jpdk; bgz;zpak; xU tpsf;fk;
Kg;gj;njhuhk; fUj;j';f Ma;t[f; nfhit g -1534.
14. nkyJ g - 92.
15. nkyJ g - 99.
16. nkyJ g - 102.
17. nkyJ g - 103.
18. ghf;fpaehjd;/ chpik g - 16.
19. nkyJ g - 17.
20. nkyJ g - 16.
21. Kj;Jrpjk;guk;/ bgz;zpak;/ njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpa[k; g - 108.
,ay; - 3
rpWfijapy; bgz;zpak;
3.0 Kd;Diu
bgz; vd;W gpwe;J tpl;lhny
mts; ngrg;gLgtshf thjpf;fg;gLgtshf/ gpur;ridf;Fhpatshff; fUjg;gLfpwhs;. mtsJ
gpwg;g[/ fy;tp/ tsh;g;g[/ ghJfhg;g[/ jpUkzk;/ kuzk; vd;W midj;Jnk gl;okd;wj;
jiyg;ghf;fg;gl;L tpl;ld. fyhr;rhu tp#a';fs; xU bjspe;j ePnuhil mjpy; bgz;ik xU
thjj;;jpw;Fhpa bghUshfp tpLfpwJ.
,d;iwa rKjhak; Mzhjpf;f
rKjhakhf cs;sJ. vdnt bgz;fSf;Fr; rk chpiknah/ rKjha kjpg;ngh fpilf;fhky;
nghfpwJ. bgz;qhpik vd;gJ ngr;rstpy; cs;sJ. bgz;fs; ghypay; td; bfhLikf;Fs;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. Kiwrhuhj; bjhHpy;fs; ghypay; mog;gilapy; gzpg;ghFghL
bra;tjhy; TypapYk; ntWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. FLk;g mikg;g[Kiw bgz; FHe;ijfspd;
tsh;g;g[ Kiw jpUkzKiw nghd;wit bgz;fSf;F ghJfhg;gpy;yhj mr;rt[zh;itj;
njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd. bgz;fns bgz;fis btWj;J xJf;Fk; epiya[k; bgz; rpRf; bfhiya[k;
rKjhaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpWfijapy; bgz;zpak; gw;wpa rpe;jidfis ,t;tha;tpy;
vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sd.
3.1 moikj;jdk;
1. Mz; bgz; ntWghL
2. bgz; fy;tp
3. bgz; eRf;fg;gLjy;
4. jPz;lhik
5. ntiyf;Fr; bry;yj;jil
6. bgw;whuhy; Vw;gLk; mtyk;
7. Kjyhspfspd; Mjpf;fk;
8. bgz; rpRf; bfhiy
3.1.1 Mz; bgz; ntWghL
Mz; bgz; ntWghl;lhy; bgz; moikj;
jdj;jpw;F cs;shfpwhs;. ‘,isg;ghUk; neuk;’ vd;w fijapy;
“mo ngho ,t xUj;jp vij gj;jpa[nk bjhpahjt/ vz;o.
. . ehisf;F bghl;il gps;is tPl;oy;
ngha; ehk rhg;gpl Koa[kh> bryt[f;F bghwe;j gps;is. ,J bgz;zh ,Ue;jJ
bjhp";rh tapj;jpnyna mHpr;rpUf;fyhk;”1
vd;W bgz; FHe;ijia btWj;Jf; TWk; bgw;nwhh;fisf;
fhzKofpwJ.
“igad;fSf;F ey;y cil/ ey;y czt[ ey;y gog;g[ vdr;
bra;jhh;;. Mdhy; kfs; Rkjpf;F ou!; vLf;Fk; nghJk;/ gog;g[f;F gP!; fl;Lk; nghJk; “bryt[ buhk;g MFJ. Vw;fdnt jz;lk; nkYk;
bjz;lj;Jf;fh” vd;W jpl;Lthh; ”2
vd;W mog;gil trjpfspy; Tl ntWghL fhl;oa[s;shh;.
3.1.2 bgz; fy;tp
md;W Kjy; ,d;W tiu fy;tpapy;
bgz;fs; g[wf;fzpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wdh;.
“beL';fhykhnt ek; rKjha mikg;gpy; bgz; Mqf;Fr;
rkkhdme;j!;J cilatshff; fUjg;gltpy;iy. bgz; Miztpl xU go vd;d/ gy gofs;
Fiwe;jtshfnt kjpf;fg;gl;lhs;”3 vd;fpwhh; ckhre;jpud;.
“Rkjp u';fehjdplk; mg;gh 5k; tFg;g[f;F nkny gof;f
vdf;F Mirah ,Uf;Fg;gh ey;yh khh;f; vLj;JUf;nfd;g;gh. vd;id nkny gof;f it';fg;gh” vd;whs;.
mjw;F bu';fehjd; “o. . . bja;thid ,tis ngrj; J}z;o tpl;lJ. ahUo. gog;ghk; bghpa gog;g[ . . . ,t ngha; bghpa fbyf;lh; cj;jpnahfkh ghh;f;f nghwh . .
. ngrhk ,tis gpor;R mLg;goapy; nghL/ Kjypd; nrhW bgh';f fj;Jf;fl;Lk;”4 vd;whh;/
“bgz;fSf;Ff; fy;tp vd;gJ fhyj;ija[k; bghUisa[k;
tPzof;Fk; bray;”5
vd;W jtwhf TWtijg; nghy Mrphpah; ,f;fijapy;
TWfpd;whh;.
3.1.3 bgz; eRf;fg;gLjy;
bgz;fs; ,d;W xU ntiyahs;
nghy ntiy bra;tJ kl;Lky;yhky; jdf;F cly; nrhh;t[ vd;whYk; bra;a[k; ntiyia
jtpw;gJ ,y;iy. ntiyfis bra;nj jPu ntz;Lk; vd;W epge;jidf;Fj; js;sg;gLfpwhs;.
“bgz; ,y;iy ,e;ehl;od; moik - mts; Rje;jpuj;ij jl;og; gwpj;jhy;
epahak; nfl;Fk; vd; chpik”
vd;W Mf;nuh#kha; fj;jpa
enud; fy;ahzkhdt[ld; vg;go khwp tpl;lhd;. tRkjpiaj; jd; tPl;L brf;Fkhl;il tpl
nftykhf epidj;J tpl;lhnd khl;Lj; bjhGtj;jpy; khl;ilf; Tl;o/ itf;nfhy; itj;J
g[z;zhf;Fj; jz;zPh; itj;J/ ghiyf; fwf;Fk; kdpjd; ghy; jl;o tpl;lhy; me;j
khl;Lf;F mLj;j Kiw rpidahFk; tiu rhpahf czt[ Tl itf;fkhl;lhnd. me;j tk;rj;jpy;
gpwe;jtd; jhd; ehd; vd;W ep+gpj;Jf; fhl;o tpl;lhnd enud;.”6
vd;W brf;Fkhl;ilg;
gad;gLj;Jtijg; nghy bgz; eRf;fg;gLtjhf TWfpwhh;.
nkYk; “bgh';fy; ghpR” vd;w rpWfijapy;
“tPl;L NH;epiy kpft[k; f#;lkhdJ. rnuh$h gPo
Rw;wpj;jhd; FLk;gj;jpd; bryit mj;ijf;F kUe;J bryitr; rkhspj;J/ g[U#Df;F
Mh;g;ghl;lk; nghf bryt[f;Fg; igrh bfhLf;f gs;spf;Tlk; gof;Fk; FHe;ijfSf;F
gog;g[ bryt[ vd f#;lg;gl;L bfhLj;jhs;”7
tPl;Lr; bryitf; ftdpf;ft[k;
bgz;fs; bghWg;ghfpwij Mrphpah; Rl;of; fhl;oa[s;shh;.
3.1.4 jPz;lhik
jPz;lhik gy Kiwfspy;
njhd;wpdhYk; rhjp ntWghl;lhy; jiytphpj;J MLfpwJ. “uj;jk; xz;q jhd;” vd;w rpWfijapy;
“fhiyapy; jz;zp vLf;f Mw;Wf;Fg; nghd khhpKj;Jtpd;
j';ifia khw;W rhjpf;fhu Fofhud; xUtd; nghijapy; fpz;ly; gz;zp riliag; gpoj;J
,Gj;Jtpl;lhd;. ,ijj; jl;o nfl;f ntz;oa khw;W rhjp bghpa kD#h;fs; fz;iz \of;
bfhz;L bksdk; rhjpf;fnt/ khhpKj;Jtpd; rhjpf;fhu';fSf;Ff; nfhgk; te;J vhpkiy
nghy; bfhjpj;bjH Muk;gpj;jdh;”8 vd;W nky; rhjpf;fhuh; fPH; rhjpf;fhug; bgz;iz
mtkhdg;gLj;jpajhff; TWfpwhh;.
3.1.5 ntiyf;Fr; bry;yj;jil
Mz;fisg; nghy bgz;fSk;
vy;yhj;JiwapYk; ntiy bra;a Kotjpy;iy. bgw;nwhh;fSk;/ r\fj;jpy; kf;fSk; bgz;fSf;F vjph;g;ghfnt
fUJfpd;wdh;.
“tpidna Mlth;f;Fapnu . . .
kida[iw kfsph;f;F Mlth;
capnu”9
vd;W FWe;bjhifapy; fhzKofpwJ. Mdhy; bgz;fSf;F
ntiyr; bra;tjw;F jilahfnt cs;sJ.
“bgz; fz;lf;lh;” vd;w rpWfijapy;
“mJ jhd; g!; fz;lf;uh eP ntiy bra;apwJ……. cdf;nf ey;yh ,Uf;fh…..>”
“ey;y ,Uf;F…. g;gh…. cdf;F tptuk; bjhpa[kh……>” ehd; ,d;idf;F g!; fz;lf;luh
ntiy bra;jjhny jpUbey;ntypia jkpHfnk jpUk;gpg; ghh;j;J ,Uf;F. vy;yh
khtlj;jpnyna[k; ,dpnk bgz; fz;lf;lh; nghl Muk;gpr; RLth';f. epiwa bgz;fSf;F
ntiy tha;g;g[ fpilf;Fk;. bjhpa[kh……>”
mJ vdf;F njitapy;iy eP…. ehd;…. fl;of;fg;nghwg; bghz;q. eP. Vd;
g!; fz;lf;luh…. gzpg[hpaqk;. v';f mg;gh mk;kh vy;yhk; vg;go gPy; gz;qwh';f
bjhpa[kh…..>”
“vg;go”
“nra;….. mij vg;go ehd; brhy;y…. c';f mg;gh mk;khnt buhk;g f#;lg;gLwh';f….. ,e;j mst[f;F gpur;rid Vw;gLj;jpw
,e;jj; bjhHpy; cdf;Fj; njitah…..>”10
vd;W bgz; elj;Jdh;
ntiyf;Fr; bry;yj; jil tpjpf;fpd;wdh; vd;gij Mrphpah; TWfpwhh;.
3.1.6 bgw;nwhuhy; Vw;gLk; mtyk;
xU FHe;ijf;F Kjy; Mrphpah;
bgw;nwhnu. bgw;nwhh; ,y;iybad;why; FHe;ijfs; mdhijahf miHtij ghh;f;fpnwhk;.
FHe;ijfspd; Kd;ndw;wj;pw;F Cf;fkhft[k; cWJidzahft[k; ,Uf;Fk; bgw;nwhh;/ rpy
ntiyfs; FHe;ijfs; Kd;ndw;wg; ghijapy; bry;Yk; nghJ mth;fSf;F ,ila{whft[k;
,Uf;fpd;wdh;.
“bgz; ml';f ntz;oats; bgz;qf;F Mz; ml';fp elg;gJ
mtkhdk; vd;gJ Mz; mjpfhur; r\fj;jpd; Kot[”11
“,isg;ghUk; neuk;” vd;w rpWijapy; “Va;…. cdf;F vd;d mwpt[ kG';fp nghr;rh….. 5 gor;rhny mJf;F nkny gor;r
khg;gps;isjhd; ghh;f;fDk;. ,tis ey;yh gof;f itr;rh lhf;luh Tl MapLth…… Mdh lhf;luh Mf;fpdh lhf;lh; khg;gps;is ghh;f;fqk;…. o….. fpnyh fzf;fpy; eif nfl;ghd;.
ehd; v';nfo nghntd;…….”12
vd;W bgw;nwhnu bgz;fs;
Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;Fj; jilahf ,Uf;fpwhh;fs; vd;gij Mrphpah; Twpa[s;sh;.
nkYk; bgz; elj;Jdh; vd;Dk;
rpWfijapy;
“ftpyh bgz; fz;lf;lh; MFk; tpraj;jpidf; nfs;tp
gl;l rpahksh nrRuh$; jpf;FKf;fho nghdhh;. vd; kfs; xU fz;lf;luh….. j';f kapy; nghd;w rp';fhu
thfdj;jpy; jd; kfs; ftpyh ruruf;Fk; gl;L cLj;jp jiyapy; bel;!; nghl;L.
nfhl;Lk;/ Nl;Lk; nghl;oUf;Fk; Mltd; xUtndhL iff;nfhh;j;J/ md;id khpahs; Myaj;jpy;
nkhjpuk; khw;wp njtijahf me;j Mya thrypy; ,w';fp tUk; nfhyj;jpidg; ghh;f;f
ntz;Lk; vd;W fdt[ fz;lth;. “nQh rPr!;” ,e;j mepahaj;ij vg;go jh';fpf;
bfhs;thh;.”13
vd;W bgz; elj;Jdh;
ntiyf;Fr; bry;Yk; bgz;izg; ghh;j;J kjpf;fj;jf;f Xh; khg;gps;isa[ld; jdJ kfis
ifnfhh;j;J elg;gij ghh;f; ntz;Lk; vd;W fdt[ fz;l xU je;ijapd; cs;sj;ij Mrphpah;
TWfpd;whh;.
3.1.7 Kjyhspfspd; Mjpf;fk;
bjhHpyhsh; eyr; r';fk;/
bjhHpyhsh; rl;lk; vd;W bjhHpyhsh;fSf;F ghJfhg;g[ ,Ue;jhYk; Kjyhspfspd; Mjpf;fk;
,d;W jiytphpj;J MLfpwJ.
“bgh';fy; ghpR” vd;w rpWfijapy; Kjyhsp
bjhHpyhspia gad;gLj;Jk; gh';fpid bjspt[gLj;Jfpwhh;.
“ePz;l ehs; ntiy ghh;j;jhy; gzptUl';fis Fiwf;f
jdpahh; g!; fk;bgdpapy; VjhtJ fhuzk; brhy;yp \d;W khjk; fz;lf;lh; oiutiu
tPl;Lf;Fg; nghf brhy;Yth';f. mJ vy;yh Kjyhspf;Fk; tHf;fk;. mJ nghy uFtuid
Kjyhsp epWj;jpdhh;.
uFtuDf;F xd;Wk; Xltpy;iy. “vd;id Kjyhsp epWj;jpl;lhnu…. ehd; vg;gobay;yhk; ciHr;nrd; vd;W g[yk;g
Muk;gpj;jhd;. ,ij a{dpad; fhuh;fs; ed;whfg; gad;gLj;jpdhh;fs;.; Kotpy; tf;fpy;
nehl;o!; mJf;fg;g[wk; nf!; bjhlh;e;J bjUtpy; cz;oay; tNy; vd;W rk;gsk; ,y;yhky;
a{dpadpy; epue;ju ntiyf;fhud; Mdhd; uFtud;. vdnt tPl;L NH;epiy kpft[k; f#;lkhdJ.
rnuh$h gPo Rw;wpj;jhd; FLk;gj;jpd; bryit rkhspj;jhs;.”14 tPl;oy; gLj;j gLf;ifapy; ,Uf;Fk; mj;ijf;F kUe;J bryitr; rkhspj;J/
g[U#Df;F Mh;ghl;lk; nghf bryt[f;F igrh bfhLf; gs;spf;Tlk; gof;Fk; FHe;ijfSf;F
gog;g[ bryt[ vd f#;lg;gl;L bfhLj;jhs;.
“,ut[ gfyha; KHpj;J ,Ue;J gPo Rw;wpa
rnuh$ht[f;Ff; fhr neha; bjhw;wpf; bfhz;lJ.
lhf;lh; “,';f ghUk;kh gPo Rw;Wtij xU Xukhf xJf;fp itr;rpl;L. xG';fh
khj;jpiu kUe;ij rhg;gpl;L th ,yyhl;o neha; jPtpukhapUk; vd;whh;.”14
rnuh$h ,g;gnt “byhf; byhf;” vd;W ,Uk Muk;gpj;J tpl;lhs;. gPo Rw;Wk;
bjhHpy; bjhlh;e;jhy; gpur;ridjhd;.
Kjyhsp jdJ fztdpd; ntiyia
epWj;jpajhy; rnuh$h gPo Rw;wpna FLk;gj;ij epWj;jpajhy; rnuh$h gPo Rw;wpna
FLk;gj;ij fhg;ghw;Wk; epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;lhs;. ,jdhy; mtis fhr neha; bjhw;wpf;
bfhz;lJ.
nkYk; “vy;yhk; mts; bray;” vd;w rpWfijapy; Kjyhspapd; taypy; ntiy bra;a[k; nghJ
tz;oapypUe;J tpGe;J fhy; cile;J tpl;lJ. kUj;Jtkidapy; nrh;j;J Kjyhspaplk;
eP';fs; kUj;Jthplk; vd; epiyapid vLj;Jf; Twpdhy; kUj;Jth; vd; fztid
ed;whf ftdpj;Jg; ghh;g;ghh;fs; vd;W Twpa fhj;jhaplk;
“Va; fhj;jhap cd; g[U#id ehd; ftdpr;rpf;fpnwd;.
rPf;fpukh mtid elf;f itr;rplyhk;/ Mdhy; eP vdf;F xU cjtp bra;aqk; Kjyhsp Fuypy;
mrL tHpe;jJ.
“,d;idf;F eL uhj;jphpapy ,';f th ,e;j gl;L nriyia fl;of;nfh. ehd;
,e;j nriyapy eP vt;tst[ mHfh ,Uf;nfd;D ghh;f;fqk;” vd;whh;.
bgz;Fyj;jpw;F bgUk;
mtkhdj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; Kjyhspapd; Mztj;ija[k;/ gz jpkpiua[k; Mrphpah; TWfpwhh;.
3.1.8 bgz; rpRf; bfhiy
‘muRj; bjhl;oy;’ bgz; FHe;ijfisf; bfhiy bra;tijj;
jLf;f muR jpl;lk; jPl;oa[s;sJ. MdhYk; bgz; rpRf; bfhiy bra;tJ tHf;fkhfptpl;lJ.
“bgz;nz bghd;ndhL th” vd;w rpWfijapy;
“nla; bghl;ilf; fGijia bgj;J bjhiyr;Rl;lh…. nr…. rtk; ,e;j tPl;Ly thGwnjhl rht[wJ
nky;….. ehd; uhj;jphpnahl uhj;jphpah fs;spg;ghiy th';fp itr;rpUf;nfd;.
fhiyapy ghy; ntqk;d;D nfl;gh…. ,ijf; bfhL….. fs;spg; ghy For;rh gps;is fhypahapLk;. ek;ks gpor;r rdpa[k;
xsp";Rg; nghapLk;”15
bgz; FHe;ij gpwe;J tpl;lJ.
mjw;F fs;spg;ghiy bfhLj;J bfhd;WtpL mnjhL gpur;ridbay;yhk; Koe;JtpLk; vd;W
kfdplk; bgz; rpRf;bfhiy bra;a J}z;Ltjhf Mrphpah; TWfpwhh;.
3.2 gpur;ridfs;
3.2.1 bghd;Dk; bghUSk;
xU bgz;qf;F ey;y Fzk; jhd;
ntz;Lk; vd;W ghh;j;j fhyk; khwptpl;lJ. ,d;W bghd;Dk; bghUSk; ,Ue;jhy;jhd;
jpUkzk; eilbgWk; vd;w epiyf;F bgz;fs; js;sg;gl;L tpl;ldh;. bghd;Dk; bghUSk;
,y;iybad;W jd;id xJf;fpajhf “bgz;nz bghd;ndhL th” vd;w rpWfijapy; thjpLfpwhh;.
“vd;fpl;nl bghd;Dk; bghUSk; ,y;iyapd;Djhnd
vd;idf; fl;of; fpl;ltDk; khkpahUk; mor;Rj; bjhwj;Jdh';f. vd;
gp";Rf;bfhHe;ijia fs;spg;ghy; tr;rp bfhy;yqk;d;D jpl;lk; nghl;lh';f.
,jw;bfy;yhk; fhuzk; gzk; jhnd/ mjhdy; vd; bgz;qf;F gzk; nrh;j;J itr;rh
epk;kjpahd thH;f;if fpilr;rpUnk”16
bgz;iz tpl bghd;Dk;;
bghUSk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bgWtij Mrphpah; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
3.2.2 jpUkzj;jpy; Vkhw;wk;
Mapuk; bgha; brhy;ypahtJ xU
bgz;iz fiunrh;f;f ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Kd;ndhh; thf;F/ jd; jha;/ je;ij cld; gpwe;njhh;
vd;W midtiua[k; tpl;L jd; fztnd fz;fz;l bja;tk; vd;W fUjp j";rk; mila[k;
bgz;iz jpUkzk; bra;J Vkhw;Wk; Mz;fSk; ,d;W ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.
thhpR tUk;nghJ Tlnt
,Ug;ngd; vd;W Twpa fztDk; ,y;iy/ MWjy; Twp mutizf;f bgw;wj; jha[k; ,y;iy.
bgz; FHe;ij gpwe;J tpl;lJ.
tRkjpiag; ghh;j;J mGj
me;jf; FHe;ijiag; ghh;j;J
“eP gl;l ghl;oy; g';F bfhs;s ehDk; te;Jl;nld;
vd;W me;jf; FHe;ij brhy;tJ nghy ,Ue;jJ”17 ,e;j cyfj;jpy; ehd; gLk; Jd;gj;jpy; g';F
bfhs;s te;Jtpl;lhna vd;W gpwe;j bgz; FHe;ijia ghh;j;J xU jha; ntjid miltijf;
fhzKofpwJ.
Mdhy; enud; jdJ jha;f;F
gae;J kidtpia ghh;f;f tunt ,y;iy. md;nwhL tRkjpia iffGtp tpl;L brd;Wtpl;lhd;.
3.2.3 tujl;rid
,d;W tujl;rid xU r\fg; gpur;ridahfnt
tsh;e;J tUfpd;wJ. rpyh; j';fSila bfsutj;jpw;fhf tujl;rid th';Ffpd;wdh;. nkYk;
tujl;ridahy; gy bgz;fSila thH;f;ifj;jpir jpUg;gg;gLfpwJ. rpy bgz;fspd; thH;f;if
mHpe;Jk; tpLfpwJ.
“bgz;nz bghd;ndhL th” vd;w rpWfijapy;
“V….. ,is"nd….
eP…. ,is"dha; ,Ue;jhy;
tujl;rid nfl;Fk; Fk;gYf;Fj;
Jiz nghf khl;lha;
Mdhy; ,d;W eP
,is"d; my;y
,is"d; vd;w bgahpy;
,Uf;Fk;
xU filr;ruf;F”18
“,is"d; xUtd;
vd;W xU ehs; tpahghuk;
nehf;fpd;wp
bgz;izg; ghh;f;fpwhndh….
me;j ehs;jhd; bgz;
Rje;jpuk;
fpilf;Fk ;ehs;
mJ tiu tpy';F
bgz;iz mlf;FgtUf;F my;y…..
v';fis nghd;w
mgiy bgz;fSf;F”19
,is"dhf ,Ue;jhy;
tujl;ridf; nfl;Fk; kdpjh;fnshL Jiz nghf khl;lha;/ tpahghu nehf;fkd;wp vd;W xu
bgz;izg; ghh;f;fpwhndh md;W jhd; bgz;fSf;F Rje;jpuk; fpilf;Fk; mJtiu bgz;fs;
tpy';Ffs; vd;W tujl;rid nfl;Fk; xh; ,is"idg; ghh;j;J TWtjhf Mrphpah;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
3.2.4 bghUshjhug; gpur;rid
FLk;gj;jpd; mog;gilj; njitfisg; g{h;j;jp
bra;a[k; Kf;fpa bghWg;g[ bgUk;ghYk; bgz;fisr; rhh;e;J tpLfpwJ. bgh';fy; ghpR
vd;Dk; rpWfijapy;
“1 tUlk; 2 tUlkhf XoaJ. nufht[f;F 6 taJ Mfp
tpl;lJ Kjyhsp uFtuid ntiyf;F itj;j ghoy;iy. a{dpad; Mh;g;ghl;lKk; Koe;j
ghoy;iy. gLf;ifapy; ,Ue;j jhahUk; vGe;j ghoy;iy. Mdhy; ,ut[ gfyha; KHpj;J ,Ue;J
gPo Rw;wpa rnuh$ht[f;F fhr neha; bjhw;wpf; bfhz;lJ.
lhf;lh; “,';f ghUk;kh gPo Rw;Wtij xU Xukhf xJf;fp itr;rpl;L/ xG';fh
khj;jpiu kUe;ij rhg;gpl;L th ,y;yhl;o neha; jPtpukhapLk;”20 vd;whh;. bghUshjhug; gpur;ridfisr; rhpbra;a[k; fl;lhaj;jpw;Fg;
bgz;fs; js;sg;gLfpwhh;fs;.
3.2.5 bgz;nz bgz;qf;F vjphp
bgz;fns ehl;od; fz;fs; vd;W nghw;wg;gl;lhYk;/ xU
bgz;zpd; cs;sk; bgz;qf;Fj;jhd; bjhpa[k; vd;whYk; rpy ntisspy; bgz;nz bgz;qf;F
vjpuh bray;gLtijf; fhzKofpwJ.
“rpwg;ghf thGk; bgz;izf; fz;lhy; bghwik. ,jw;fhf
mth;fisg; gw;wpf; fPH;j;jukhd bra;jpfisg; gug;g[tJ bgz;fns”21
“xU ehs; khkpahh; Ml;lk; bghpjhfp tpl;lJ. “xa;ahuf; bfhz;ilahk; jhHk; g{thk; cs;Su ,Uf;Fkhk; <Uk; ngDk;.
eog;g[f;fhhp eog;g[f;fhhp btspna xz;qnk bjhpahj khjphp ele;Jf;fpl;L vd; igaid
ifapy nghl;L tr;rpf;fpl;L ML MLd;D MLwh…… mt tapj;jpy 7 khjk; FHe;ij tsUnj. xU tisf;fhg;g[ epfH;r;rp itf;fqk;d;D bgj;jtDf;F mwpt[
ntz;lhk;. mJf;Ff; Tl tf;fpy;yhjtd; tPl;oy bgz; fl;ol;lhnd…..”
khkpahhpd; ,e;j ngr;R
,g;nghJ tRkjpapd; cs; be";irna ghjpj;jJ.”22 xU kUkfSf;Fj; jhahf je;ijahf
,Uf;f ntz;oa khkpahh;/ mtis vjphpahff; TWtijf; fhzKofpwJ.
“,y;ywj;jpy; mikjp jtH ntz;Lkhdhy;/
mt;tpy;yj;jpd; kdpj cwt[fs; nkk;gl;oUf;f ,d;wpaikahjJ khkpah; kUkfs; cwthFk;”23
“khkpahh; kUkfs; cwt[ vd;Wk; nghuhl;l cwthfnt
fhzg;gLfpwJ khkpahh; jhd; kUkfshf ,Ue;j bghGJ jhd; gl;l Jd;g';fis kUkfSk;
mDgtpf;f ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpd; fhuzkhft[k;/ jd; kfd; jd;idtpl mtd;
kidtpaplj;J kpFe;j md;g[ brYj;Jtij btWj;jy; fhuzkhft[k; kUkfisf; bfhLikg;gLj;Jfpwhs;”24
g[Fe;j tPl;ow;F xd;Wk;
bfhz;L tutpy;iy vd;gjhy; kUkfspd; je;ijiar; rhLfpwhs; khkpahh;.
“ciHr;r Jl;l vd;dr; bra;apwhd; xU eah igrh cdf;F
,sf;Fwhdh….>” vd;whs; tRkjpf;Ff; nfhgk; te;jJ.
“mk;kh eP';f vd;idg; gj;jp ngR';f. Mdhy;
v';fg;ghit gj;jp VjhtJ ngrpdP';f ey;yh ,Uf;fhJ.”
“vd;do ey;yh ,Uf;fhJ. vd; gps;isf;F eif
buhf;fk;d;D vj;jidg;ngU miy";rh';f.
,g;go xU jhpj;jpuk;
gpor;rtd; tPl;oy ngha; tpGe;Jl;lhnd……”25
vd;W tujl;ridapd;wp
te;jjhy; kUkfis vhpe;J tpGk; khkpahhpd; vz;zj;ij btspg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.
3.2.6 Mz; Mjpf;fk;
Mz;gps;is kl;Lnk thhpR vd;w
vz;zk; kf;fs; kdjpy; gjpe;J tpl;lJ. vdnt bgz;gps;is vd;wt[ld; fUtpnyna mHpj;Jk;
tpLfpd;wdh;.
“xU bgz; FHe;ij gpwf;ifapy; me;j rpU#;o njtijna
gpwe;jJ nghy; vy;yhUk; mg;bgz; FHe;ijia vLj;J Kj;jkpl;Lf; bfh";Rfpwhh;fs;.
me;jg; gp";R tajpnyna mij ‘mk;kh’ vd;fpwhh;fs;. igadhf ,Ue;jhy;
vLj;j vLg;gpnyna ‘nla;’ jhd;. ,g;gobay;yhk; ,Ue;Jk; Tl ‘bgz; gpwe;J tpl;lJ’ vd;why; \iyapy; cl;fhh;e;J mGfpd;wdh;”26 Mdhy; bgz; FHe;ij gpwe;J tplf;Tlhnj vd;w vz;zj;jpy; “,g;ngh vd; tPl;Lf;F eP te;J ,Uf;fpna……. ePahtJ vd; tPl;Lf;F bfhs;sp
itf;f Mz; gps;isia bgj;Jj; jUtpah……. ,y;yhl;o ePa[k; bghl;ilg;
gps;isia bgj;Jg; nghLtpah…..”27
vd;W Mz; gps;isia kl;Lk;
thhprhf epidj;J ‘Mz; FHe;ij jhd; ntz;Lk;’ vd;w Mj';fj;ij btspg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.
3.3 jPh;t[
3.3.1 fy;tp
“mLg;g{Jk; bgz;fSf;Fg; gog;bgjw;F>” vd;W bgz;fisg; ghh;j;Jf; nfs;tpf; nfl;gJ ,d;W kiwe;J bfhz;L
tUfpwJ. Mz;fisg; nghynt bgz;fSf;Fr; rkchpik ntz;Lk; vd;W nfs;tpf; nfl;Fk;
epiy ,d;iwa r\fj;jpy; cs;sJ.
bgz;zpd; fy;tp FLk;gj;jpw;F
tpsf;F vd;gJ nghy; “bgz;nz bghd;ndhL th” vd;Dk; rpWfijapy; bgz;fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fhz KofpwJ.
“c';fSf;F th;w kUkfd; gzj;ij kl;Lk; jhd;
nerpg;ghd;/ c';f kfis nerpf;f khl;lhd;. brhd;dh jg;gh epidf;fhjP';f…. gzk; ,d;idf;F xUj;jd; ifapy
ehisf;F xUj;jd; ifapy. Mdhy; gog;g[ vg;gt[nk khwhj bry;tk;. xU tprak; bjhpa[kh…..>”
,e;j rk;gtk; ehd; ngg;ghpy
gor;rJ. c';f CU jpUbey;ntypapy kdepiy rhpapy;yhj xU bgz; nuhl;oy jphp";R
fpl;L ,Ue;JUf;fh. xU ehs; bkof;fy; !;nlhh;y ngha; xU kUe;J nfl;L ,Uf;fh. kd
epiy rhpay;yhj bgz; bjspth kUe;J nfl;fhnsd;W tprhhpr;Rg; ghh;j;jh….. mts; xU vk;.gp.gp.v!; lhf;lh;.
jpOh;d;D kdepiy rhpapy;yhk ,g;go Mapl;lh. ,ts; gor;rthd;D nfs;tpg; gl;lt[lnd
fbyf;lh; nehpy te;J me;jg; bgz;iz fhg;ghw;wp M!;gj;jphpapy; nrh;j;J kd nehia
Fzg;gLj;jp ,Uf;fh';f. mJf;F fhuzk; gog;g[. me;j gog;g[ mts; kdnehahspahf
,Uf;Fk; nghJk; cjtpapUf;F.”29 kd nehahspahd xU bgz; kPz;Lk; giHa epiyf;Fr; bry;y fy;tp
bgUk; cjtpahf ,Ue;Js;sJ. nkYk; fy;tp ,y;yhj bgz;fsh; epyk; nghd;wts; vd;wf;
Tw;Wf;F ,z';f fy;tpna jiyahaJ vd;W TWfpd;whh;.
3.3.2 Mz; bgz; epfh;
“rhj;jpu';fs; gw;gy fw;guhk;;
rt[hpa';fs; gygy bra;tuhk;;
\j;j bgha;ikfs; aht[
kHpg;ghuhk;;
Kl;L fl;Lfs; aht[k;
jfh;g;ghuhk;;”30 vd;whh;
“bgz;zha; gpwg;gjw;nf ey;y
bgUe;jtk; bra;jply;
ntz;Lkk;kh.”
vd;fpwhh; ftpkzp. bgz;bzd;why; nga[k; ,u';Fk;.
xt;bthU MzpDila btw;wpf;Fg; gpd;dhy; xU bgz; cz;L. ,t;thW bgz;fisg; gw;wp cah;thff;
Twpa nghjpYk; fhy';fhykhff; rpy rl';F Kiwfspy; epiyahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
“bgz; elj;Jdh;” vd;w rpW fijapy; “,e;j g!;!py; bgz; fz;lf;lh; gzpakhj;jpajhy; tNy;
tpGe;jJ kw;wbkhU jdpahh; g!; Kjyhsp. clnd fy;Y}hp goj;j ViH bgz;fisj; jahh;
bra;J fz;lf;lh; iybrd;!; vLf;f itj;jhh;. muR g!;!pYk; Tl;lk; Fiwe;jjhy; vd;d
bra;tJ vd;W bjhpahky; mjpfhhpfs; jtpj;jhh;fs;. jpUbey;ntyp/ J}j;Jf;Fo khtl;lk;
,uz;oy; cs;s Ff;fpuhk';fspy; vy;yhk; bgz; fz;lf;lh; gw;wpj;jhd; ngrpdhh;fs;
gl;oj; bjhl;or; bry;Yk; g!;!py; gazk; bra;a[k; gazpfs; “ek;k CUf;F bghk;gis fz;lf;lh; fpilahjh> vd;W fz;lf;lhplk;
nfs;tp nfl;ldh;. gj;jphpf;ifSk; tpl;L itf;ftpy;iy. nghl;o nghl;Lf; bfhz;L
bra;jp btspapl;L te;jdh;. thug; gj;jphpf;if khjg;gj;jphpf;if/ bjhiyf;fhl;rpfs;
vd;W jkpHfk; KGtJk; fypyhtpd; bgah;jhd;.
ftpyht[f;F KGj;jpUgjp….. Mfh ve;j ntiyiag; bgz; bra;a
KoahJ vd;W bghJkf;fs; epidj;jhh;fnsh… mth;fs; epidj;jij khw;wp mikj;J tpl;nld; vd re;njh#j;Jld;
tPl;Lf;Fr; brd;whs;”31
xU bgz;zhy; bra;a KoahJ
vd;W vz;zpaij Kwpaoj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.
3.3.3 Kd;ndw;wg;ghijapy;
bgz;fs;
,d;W gy tHpfspy; bgz;fs;
Kd;ndw;wk; mile;Js;sdh;. ve;j xU epfH;tpw;Fk; Mz;fis vjph; ghh;g;gJ Fiwe;Js;sJ.
bgz;zpd; bgUik gw;wpf; TWk; nghJ
“bgz;zpd; bgUe;jf;f ;aht[s fw;bgz;qk;
jpz;ika[z;lhfg; bgwpd;”32
vd ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ng ts;Sth;
Twpa[s;shh;. braw; bgUikiaj; bja;tkhf kjpj;Jg; nghw;wpaJ xUg[wk; ,Ue;jhYk;
kWg[wk; bgz;zpdj;jpw;F kjpg;g[ bfhLf;fhky; bgz;fspd; cs; czh;t[fisa[k;
bray;fisa[k; g[hpe;Jr; bfhs;shj ,Hpepiya[k; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. ,jdhy; bgz; moik
epiyf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;whs;. ,e;j moik epiyapypUe;J btspte;J bgz;fs; g[jpa
rhpj;jpuk; gilf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W rPWfpwhh;fs;.
fztd; iftpl;l epiyapy;
,wg;igj;njLk; bgz;fs; kj;jpapy; “bgz;nz bgz;nzhL th” vd;w rpWfijapy;
“nla;…… bghl;ilf; fGijia bgj;J bjhiyr;Rl;lh…….. nr….. rtk; ,e;j tPl;Ly thGwnjhl rht[wJ
nky;….. ehd; uhj;jphpnahl uhj;jphpah fs;spg;ghiy th';fp itr;rpUf;nfd;.
fhiyapny ghy; ntqk;d;D nfl;gh. ,ijf; bfhL fs;spg;ghiy For;rh gps;is
fhypahapLk;. ek;ks gpor;r rdpa[k; xsp";Rg; nghapLk;.”33
vd;W bgz; FHe;ijia bfhiy
bra;a J}z;odJk;.
“tRkjp vGe;jhs;. jd; FHe;ijia khh;nghL mizj;jgo
J}f;fpdhs;. gpd;dh; jdJ J}uj;Jr; brhe;jkhd xU bgz;izg; ghh;j;jhs;. mts;
cjtpa[ld; Kk;ig brd;W jdJ thH;f;ifiaj; bjhl';fpdhs;.”
3.3.4 bjhHpw; Jiwapy;
bgz;fs;
bjhHpw;; Jiwapy; ,d;W
bgz;fs; mjpfk; fhy; gjpj;Js;sdh;./
“bgz;fSf;Fk; chpik tH';fp/ r\f thH;tpy;
Fwpg;gpl;l mstpw;Fg; g';nfw;f tHptply; ntz;Lk;. vz;qk; kpjthjg; bgz;zpak; (Lineral Feminism) Vw;wj;jhH;tpw;F
mog;iglahf mika[k; bgz; mlf;F Kiwapid ePf;f typa[Wj;Jk; khh;f;rpag; bgz;zpak; (Maxist Feminism) Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpdhYk;/
tFg;g[thjg; gphpt[fspdhYk;/ bgz;fspd; ciHg;g[ bghUshjhuk; gadw;Wg; nghtija[k;
bgUshjhu chpik ,d;ikapdhy; bgz;fs; ,Hpepiyf;Fj; js;sg;gLtija[k; rhLk; rkjh;k
bgz;zpak;/ (Socialist Feminism)”34
“bgz; fz;lf;lh;” vd;w rpWfijapy;
“,';nf ghU';f ehd; xU bgz; fz;lf;luh ntiy
ghh;j;jh vg;go ,Uf;Fk; vd;fpw Mirapy;jhd; fz;lf;lh; gzpapy nrh;e;njd;. Mdhy;
mij bjhlwqk;D ehd; epidf;fnt ,y;iy. Mdhy; ,dpnk me;jg; gzpia bjhluhyhk;d;D Kot[
br';rpUf;nfd;”35 (f.kh g-146)
vd;W Twpa ftpyhit mk;kh/
mg;gh Vj;Jf;f kWg;ghh;fs; vd;W Twpa khg;gps;iaplk; eP';f Vj;Jf;FtP';fsh>
vd;W nfl;fpwhs;. mtd; kWf;fnt ntiyjhd; Kf;fpak; vd;W jdf;F jpUkzk; bra;a Kot[
bra;j khg;gps;isia xJf;fp ntiyf;Fr;
brd;whs;.
3.3.5 khdnk bghpJ
“caph; thH;tjhf ,Ue;jhy; khdj;njhL ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
,y;iybad;why; ,t;t[yif tpl;L brd;Wtpl ntz;Lk; khdk; mHpe;jgpd; thHhik Kd;
,dpnj; jhdk; mHpahikj; jhd; ml';fp/
thH;t[ ,dpnj; Cdk; xd;W ,d;wp/ cah;e;j bghUs;
cilik khdplth;f;F vy;yhk; ,dpJ”37 vd;W ,dpait ehw;gJ TWtJ nghy g[Jg;gl;o fz;zk;kh
vd;w rpWfijapy; Mrphpah; khdj;ij gw;wp Twpa[s;shh;. jhd; tpUk;gpa _dpthrid
cyfpy; tUe;jp thH ntz;Lk; vd;W mtid tpl;L tpl;lhs;. jd; kPJ Mth Mir bfhz;lhYk; mtd; tuk;g[ kPwp jd;id gy
ngh; ghh;f;f Kj;jkpl;lhd; vd;gij bghWf;f Koatpy;iy. vdnt fz;zk;khs; jdJ je;ij
rhuhaj;jpw;F moikg;gl;ltd;/ gzj;jpw;fhf jd;id jhiu thh;f;f ja';fhjtd; vd;W
vz;zpdhs;.
‘ gl;l';fs; MH;tJk; rl;l';fs; bra;tJk;
ghhpdpy; bgz;fs; elj;j te;njhk;
vl;Lk; mwptpdpy; Mqf;Fg;bgz;
,isg;gps;is vd;W Fk;kpao’
vd;w ghujpapd; mofSf;F Vw;g
ghujpg; bgz;zha; jd; je;ijia btl;o tPH;j;jpdhs;. tPl;nlhL Tiuapy; jPia itj;J
vhpj;J rhk;gyhf;fpdhs;.
fz;zk;khit fy;ahzk; gz;qntz;
vd;Dk; ,yf;nfhL te;j _dpthrd; “vd;id xz;qk; bra;J tplhnj/ jat[ bra;J nfs;…. cz;ikapnyna cd;id fhjypf;fpnwd; vd;w _dpthrid nehf;fp “mg;goah* mg;ngh fy;ahzk;
gz;z nghw bgz;iz… eLnuhl;oy itr;R ifia gpor;R
,Gg;gPnah…. ngha; eP rhpahd Mk;gisah ,Ue;jh. vd;id Kiwg;gog; bghz;q nfl;L
,Uf;fqk;. Mdh eP vd; ma;aht[f;F rhuhak; th';fp bfhLj;j ijhpaj;Jy vd;id eP bjhl;Ll;l….. vd;W rhLfpd;whs;.
khdk; mHpe;jgpd; thHhik Kd;
,dpnj; ,dpait ehw;gJ TWtJ nghy jd;id
,uapy; kha;j;J
bfhs;fpwhs;. Mdhy; fw;g[ Mqf;Fk; bgz;qf;Fk; rkkhdjhf fUjntz;Lk;. vd;W ,e;j epiy
tUnkh md;W jhd; bgz;qf;F rkchpik fpilj;jjhfr; bfhs;s Koa[k;.
3.3.6 fw;g[
bjhy;fhg;gpaf; fijapy;
fw;g[ vd;gJ jiytdplk; jiytpia xg;gilf;Fk; rl';F MFk;. ,jid
“fw;g[ vdg;gLtJ fuzbkhL g[iuf;
bfsw;Fhpa kugpd;
fpHj;jpiaf;
bfhilf;Fhp kugpndhh;
bfhLg;gf;
bfhs;tJnt”38
vDk; E}w;gh tHp mwpa KofpwJ.
fw;g[ vd;gJ bgz;fSf;nf chpa
rpwg;g[ bghUshf fUjg;gLfpwJ. nkYk; bgz;qf;Fg; bgUikj; juf;Toatw;Ws; fw;g[
Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ. vdnt jhd; jpUts;Sth;
“bgz;zpd; bgUe;jf;f aht[s> fw;bgz;qk;
jpz;ik cz;lhfg; bgwpd;”
vd;W TWfpd;whh;.
bjhlh;e;J rpwe;j bgz;qf;Fhpa ,yf;fzj;ij tFj;J
TWifapy; fw;g[ bewpahy; jk;ikf; fhj;J bfhs;s ntz;Lbkdt[k; Twpr; bry;fpwhh;.
capiuf; fhl;oYk; rpwe;jJ ehzk; ehiztplt[k; rpwe;jJ fw;g[ MFk;.
,jid/
“caphpDk; rpwe;jd;W ehnd ehdpYk;
rpwe;jd;W bra;jpw; fhl;rp
fw;g[”
vDk; mofs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd.
,e;jpud; jd; fztd; cUtpy;
,Ug;gij mwpahky; mfypif jd; fw;ig ,He;jhs; ,t;t[z;ikia czuhj Kdpth; mfypiff;Fk;
rhgk; ,l;lhh;. fy;yhf khwpa mfypif. ,uhkzpd; ghjk; gl;lhy; kPz;Lk;
caph; bgWths; vd;W rhgtpnkhrdKk; je;jhh;. ,e;epiyapy; ,uhkzpd; ghjk; fy;ypy;gl
mfypif caph; bgw;whs;.
,uhtzdhy; rpiwg;gl;l rPijiaf;
ifg;gw;wpa gpd;dh; ,uhkd; rPijapd; fw;g[ cWjpgl jPf;Fspf;fr; bra;jhd;. ,ijf;
nfs;tpa[w;w mfypif ,j;jifa ,uhkd; ghjk;gl;L ehd; caph; thH;tijtpl kPz;Lk; fy;yhfnt
khw tpUk;g[fpnwd; vd;whh;. g[Jikg; gpj;jdpd; ,f;fijapd; \yk; fw;g[ Fwpj;j
Mz;fspd; fUj;J g[yg;gLfpwJ.
Mdhy; ghujpahh;
“fw;g[ epiyg; gw;wp ngr te;jhy;
,Ufl;rpf;Fk; bghJtpy;
itg;nghk;”
vd;W ghor; brd;Ws;shh;.
g[Jg;gl;of; fz;zk;kh
rpWfijapy; tpisahl;lhf epidj;J gy ngh; ghh;f;f Kj;jk; bfhLj;jhd; vd;gjhy;
jl;of; nfl;fhj jdJ je;ijia btl;o tPH;j;jpdhs; fz;zk;kh. MdhYk; rPdpthrd;
thH;f;if jUntd; vd;whd;. mjw;F “epk;kjpah ,Ue;j vd; thH;f;ifiaf; bfLj;J bfhiy
fhhpah Mf;fpl;L vdf;F thH;f;if jug;nghwpah/ fpl;l tuhnj”40
jLj;jhd; rPdpthrd; cd;id
rhftplkhl;nld; vd;W fjwpdhd;.
“rPdpthrd; Xog;ngha; fz;zk;khspd; ifiag;
gpof;ft[k; mts; mhpthisr; RHw;wpdhs;. me;j mUths; rPdpthrd; jiyapy; ,Ue;J
,w';fp ,lJ fhij mWj;jJ. rPdpthrd; fjwpago jz;lthsj;ij tpl;L btspna tpHt[k;
,uapy; fz;zk;khisj; jz;lthsj;jpy; jtpL bgho Mf;fp tpl;Lr; brd;wJ.
khdk; nghd gpd;g[ capiu
ePj;Jf; bfhz;ljhft[k; fw;g[. bgz;qf;Fhpa rpwg;g[ vd;gij Mrphpah; czh;j;Jfpwhh;.
3.4 Kot[fs;
fhyk; fhykhf bgz;fSf;F
,isf;fg;gLk; bfhLikfs; Vuhsk;. bgz;fs; Mz;fSf;F moikg;gl;L fple;j fhyk;
khwpdhYk; ,d;Dk; rpy ,l';fspy; moikj; jdKk;/ gpur;ridfSk; Vw;gl;Lf; bfhz;Ljhd;
,Uf;fpd;wd. nkYk; vt;tst[ gpur;ridfs; te;jhYk; bgz;fns jPh;t[ fhqk; fhyk;
tpiutpy; te;J nrUk;. rpWfijfspy; gy gpur;ridfspy; bgz;fs; rpf;Fz;lhYk; mth;fns
jPh;j;J itf;fpwija[k; fhz KofpwJ. nghuhl;l';fspy; rpf;Fz;l nghJk; mjpypUe;J
tpLgl tHptiffisf; fz;L bfhs;fpd;wdh;. jd; ifna jdf;Fjtp vd;Dk; nfhl;ghl;oy;
tsh;r;rpaila/ bjhl';Ffpd;wdh;.
mof;Fwpg;g[fs;
1. Kj;jyh';Fwpr;rp fhkuhR
fz;zho khg;gps;is g - 3
2. nkyJ g - 3
3. ckhr;re;jpud; bgz;qf;F ePjp g - 66
4. nkyJ g - 4
5. thRfp b$auj;jpdk; bgz;zpar;
RtLfs; g - 87
6. nkyJ g - 120
7. nkyJ g - 51
8. nkyJ g - 24
9. FWe;bjhif g - 13
10. nkyJ g - 145
11. br. fnzr yp';fd; bgz;zoik
jPu g - 86
12. nkyJ g - 4
13. nkyJ g - 143
14. nkyJ g - 51
15. nkyJ g - 137
16. nkyJ g - 139
17. nkyJ g - 135
18. nkyJ g - 127
19. nkyJ g - 128
20. nkyJ g - 51
21. m. b$a; Fkhh; bgz;fSk; r\fKk; g - 101
22. nkyJ g - 133
23. gf;j tr;y ghujp gz;ghl;L khdpltpay; g - 412
24. thRfp & rp. mnahj;jpgd;Kf nuhf;fpy;
bgz;zpag;
gjpt[fs; g - 6
25. nkyJ g - 133
26. nkyJ g - 13
27. nkyJ g - 133
28. nkyJ g - 139
29. nkyJ g - 140
30. ghujpahh; ghly;fs; g - 33
31. nkyJ g - 144
32. tujuhrdhh; K. jpUf;Fws; bjspt[iu g - 13
33. nkyJ g - 137
34. rnuh$h. nfh bgz; gilg;ghsh;fspd;
g[jpd';fspy; bgz;zpag;
ghh;it g - 12
35. nkyJ g - 146
36. rhkpehj rh;kh bt. bgz;ikapny jhd; thH;t[ g - 3
37. Rg;gpukzpad; t.nt jkpH; ,yf;fpa tuyhW g - 95
38. bjhy;fhg;gpak; g - 68
39. jpUf;Fws; g - 69
40. K. fhkuhR (vd; capnu tpl;Lf; bfhL) g - 196
,ay; - 4
ehtypy; bgz;zpak;
4.0 Kd;Diu
fhyk; fhykhf Mzpd; njitfis
epiwt[ bra;gtshf r\fj;jpy; bgz; fUjg;gLfpwhs;. Mdhy; vd; capnu tpl;Lf; bfhL/ fufk;
vLj;J te;J nghd;w ehty;fspy; bgz;zpd; jdpr; rpwg;ghf ifahz;Ls;shh; Mrphpah;. xU
FLk;gg; bgz;zpd; Fzk; vt;thwhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;/ mjpYk; jhapd; kdk;/ bgz;zhdtd; bra;a[k;
bghWg;g[f;fs; gw;wpa[k;/ FLk;gr; NHy; fhuzkhf vGk; g{ry;fSf;Fg; bgz; bgWk; kd
f#;lj;ija[k; Ma;t[g; bghUshf vLj;Jf; bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. nkYk; fufhl;lf;fiy jw;nghJ
kf;fs; ghh;f;Fk; nehf;F gw;wpa[k; me;jf; fiyapy; <LgLk; bgz;fspd; epiy
gw;wpa[k; ,t;tha;tpy; nkw;bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
4.1 FLk;gg; bgz;zpd; Fzk;
FLk;gg; bgz; vd;gts;
mf;FLk;gj;jpy; Vw;gLk; ,d;g Jd;g epfH;r;rpfspy; g';bfLj;J jdf;F Vw;gl;lJ nghy;
czh;e;J bhs;ths;.
ukzd;/ #Pyhitg; ghh;j;J
bfl;lf; fdthf epidj;J kwe;J tpL ehd; cd;id jpUkzk; bra;J bfhs;fpnwd; vd;W
Twpat[ld;.
“ukzd;…. eP';f ,g;ngh vd;ndhl bfhGe;jd;.
ehd;….. c';fs; mz;zd; bgz;lhl;o fztd; ,y;yhj vd;dplk; eP';f ngRwJ buhk;g
jg;g[. mz;zd; bgz;lhl;o mz;zp mk;kht[f;F rkk; ahuhtJ mk;khit fl;Lth';fsh……>”
ukzd; jd;id jpUkzk; bra;J
bfhs;tjhf Twpat[ld; #Pyh mz;zd; kidtp jha; nghy vdnt ehd; cdf;F ,g;nghJ mk;kh
Kiwapy; cs;nsd; vd;W Twp FLk;gg; bgz;zhf Mrphpah; Twpa[s;shh;.
4.1.1 jkpH;Fyg; bgz;zpd; kdk;
kdthH;tpw;F Kd;dh; xUj;jp jd;id
kl;Lk; nerpf;fpwhs;. kzk; Koe;j gpd;dh; jd; fztid nerpf;fpwhs;.
“vd;d nerk; xUthplj;jpy; Kd;nd fl;Lg;gl;L fple;j
md;g[ ,g;nghJ ,Uth; ghy; gutyhapw;W. vt;tst[ md;g[ gut[fpwnjh mt;tstpy; mGf;fhW
mth Kjypa khRfSk; mk;khRfshyhFe; jd;dyKk; bfLk;”2
fz;zd; ey;yth; vd;W mwpe;J
bfhz;l #Pyh “mtiug; gphpe;J ,dp ukzndhL nrh;e;J thH;e;jhy;/
bfhGe;jd; Tl Xog; nghdts; vd;W bgah; vLg;gijtpl #Pyhtpd; thh;j;ijf;Ff;
fl;Lg;gl;L Ik;g[yd;fisa[k; mlf;fp thGk; fz;zndhl thH;tJ jkpH;Fyg; bgz;qf;F
bgUikahFk;”3
jd; fztd; Tl kl;Lnk thH ntz;Lk;
vd;w cah;e;j fUj;ij Mrphpah; btspg;gLj;jp cs;shh;.
4.3 jhapd;; bjhz;Ls;sk;
jha;ikj; bjhz;L vd;gJ vspajd;W
jha;ikg; ghrk; vd;W vspjpy; ngryhk;/ vGjyhk;/ eilKiwapy; mj;bjhz;lhw;Wnthh;f;nf
mjpd; mUik bjhpa[k;.
“jd; tapw;wpw; gpwf;Fk; gps;is/
bgU';fy;tpahsdha;/ tPudha;/ md;gdha;/ ey;ytdha;/ bjhz;ldha; cyfpy; thH;jy;
ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; vz;zj;ijna jha; bfhs;tJ tHf;fk; gps;is bfl;blhHpa ntz;Lbkd;W
jha; xU nghJk; epidahs;”4
mJnghynt jdJ kfisj; jdJ
jk;gp nfhghy; jpUkzk; bra;tjw;F epidj;j nghJ mtid ey;ytd; ,y;iy vd;W
bjhpe;jjhy;/
“cd;id khjphp Foiaf; bfLf;Fk; mnahf;fpaDf;F vd;
bgz;izf; fl;of; bfhLf;fpwij tpl vd; ifahnyna mtisf; bfhd;WtpLntd; Mkhk;.
jd; czh;r;rp KGtija[k;
mg;gona bfhl;odhs; bja;thid”5
jdJ kfs; #Pyhit jpUkzk;
bra;J bfhLg;gij kWj;J ngRfpwhs;.
4.1.3 bgz;ikapd; rpwg;g[
ve;j xU jha[k; jdJ FHe;ij
rpf;Fz;L jtpg;gij tpUk;ghs;. jdJ jhapd; cs;sj;ij bjhpahj rpy bgz;fs; fhjy;
tag;gLtJz;L. mjdhy; mtjpg;gLtJk; cz;L.
“xU khe;njhg;ig vLj;Jf; bfhs;nthk;/
mj;njhg;gpYs;s khku';fspy; ,uz;blhd;W fdp bfhlhky; ,Uf;fyhk;. mt;
tpuz;blhd;wpy; kd";brYj;jp/ ‘khkuk;fdpaspf;Fk;
,ay;gpdjd;W* vd;W bghJg;glf; Twy; mwkhFnkh> bgz;qyfpDk; ahz;lhapDk; xU
\iyapy; gGJ neuyhk;. mJ bfhz;L ‘gGJ bgz;qyfpd; ,ay;g[’ vd;W Twy ; mwkhFnkh> bghJg;glg; bgz;qyfpd; ,ay;igna ehk; nehf;fy; ntz;Lk;”6 (bgz;zpd; bgUik g- 23)
vy;yhg; bgz;fisa[k;
xl;Lbkhj;jkhf epidg;gijj; jtph;f;f ntz;Lk; vd;gijg; nghy bja;thid jdJ kfs;
fhjy; tag;gl;lij epidj;Jg; g[yk;g[fpwhs;.
“ghtp ,g;go gz;zpl;onao” vd;W brhy;yp tpl;L xg;ghhp itf;f Muk;gpj;jhs;.
,e;jputhy; bgj;j kfs;
ehjpaj;J nghdhns
k";irapny bgj;j kfs;
khd';bfl;L nghdhns”7
nfl;f Mspy;iy bad;W ,e;j
epiyikf;F nghapl;lhna vd;W jha; jdJ Mj';fj;ij btspg;gLj;Jfpwhs;.
4.2 Mzhjpf;fk;
bjhHpw; rhiyfspy; kl;Lky;y Mzhjpf;fk; fiyfspYk;
mjpfkhfp tpl;lJ. r\fj;jpy; bgz;iz tpl Mz; cah;e;jtd; vd;Wk; bgz; Mqf;F ml';fpna
thH ntz;Lk; vd;w epajpa[ld; thH;fpd;wdh;.
“fufk; vLj;J te;J” vd;w ehtypy; fufhl;lk; MLk; nghJ
bgz;iz vg;go ntz;LkhdhYk; bjhl;L Mlyhk; vd;W epidj;j utp kpft[k; mjpfkha;
tprpj;uh kPJ rha;e;J fhl;ogpoj;J Modhd;. utpapd; gpo ,WFtijf; fz;l tprpj;uh
g{khiy nghy; beHpe;jhd;. mz;zh tpL';f vd;W mtidj; js;spdhs;. utp kPz;Lk; Xo
te;J bfl;oahf fl;of; bfhz;lhd;.
“utp mz;zh vd;d ,J >” vd;w tprpj;uhtplk; “,Jjhd; Ml;lk; . . . fufhl;lk; urpfh;fSf;Fg;
gpoj;j Ml;lk; vd;W mtsJ fhjpy; Twpdhd;. ,';f ahUo . . . ,g;ngh cd;id fl;og;
gpor;rhYk;/ Kj;jk; bfhLj;jhYk;/ ahUk; jl;of;nfl;f KoahJ. Vd;dh ,J Ml;lk;.
xG';fh vz;Tl xj;JiHj;Jg; ngh. ,y;yd;dh cd;id mrp';fg;gLj;jp tpLntd;”8
fufhl;lk; vd;why; fl;og;
gpoj;J MLk; Ml;lk; jhd; vdnt eP vdf;F xj;JiHf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W Mzhjpf;fj;ijf;
fhl;Lfpwhh;.
4.2.1 kd ntjidapd; fhuzk;
kdpjh;fs; gy ntisfspy;
kfpH;r;rpahf ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. Mdhy; rpy ntisfspy; kd ntjida[ld; miy gha;tija[k;
fhz KofpwJ.
“fufk; vLj;J te;J” vd;w ehtypy; fufhl;lj;jpy; utp
Mntrkhf tprpj;uhtplk; ele;J bfhz;ljhy; “,J Mgj;J vd;W czh;e;J
tprpj;uh Xog;ngha; jd; fztd; RFkhiu fl;og;gpoj;Jf; bfhz;lhs;/ fz;fspy; ePh;
jhiu/ jhiuahf bfhl;l vd;id fhg;ghj;J';;f”10 vd;whs;.
jhd; vd;d bra;antz;Lk; vd;W
bjhpahky; RFkhhplk; brd;W mGjhs;. tprpj;uht[f;F MWjy; Twp mt;tplj;ij tpl;Lf;
fpsk;gpdhh;fs;.
4.2.2 tWikapd; gpoapy; thH;f;if
thH;f;ifapy; rpyh; gy
epiyfspy; Jd;gg; glyhk;. Mdhy; tWikapd; gpoapy; Vuhskhd FLk;g';fs; Jd;gj;ij
milfpd;wdh;.
“bfhoJ bfhoJ tWik bfhoJ
mjdpDk; bfhoJ ,sikapy; tWik”11
vd;fpwhh; mt;itahh;.
tWik ,sikapy; ,Ug;gnj
bfhoaJ vd;gijg; nghynt tprpj;jpuht[f;F ,sikapy; jdJ jhypia tpw;ff;Toa epiy
cUthfpwJ.
“,dp rhg;gpl;Lf;nf Koahjepiy/ mj;jhd; kpr;rk; eP';f nghl;l jhyp
kl;Lk; jhd; ,Uf;F mija[k; tpw;Wtplyhkh> ”11
vd;W fzthplk; jhypia tpw;gjw;F mDkjp jUkhW
TWfpwhs;. jdJ fzth; RFkhh; vd;d brhy;yg; nghfpwhh; vd;W kd ntjida[ld;
,Uf;fpwhs;.
RFkhnuh epiyikia mwpe;J ,U
fhy;fisa[k; ,He;jtdha; “tpj;JU tprpj;uh tpj;jpU . . . fhy;fs; nghdgpwF
ekf;F vJf;F jhyp > ehd; capnuhL ,Ue;Jk; cjt Koahky; ,Uf;nfnd”;.12
jd; epiyapid czh;e;jtdha; jhyp tpw;gjw;F mDkjp
tH';Ffpwhd;.
4.2.3 kdk; jplkpd;ik
rpy bray;fspy; vd;d bra;a
ntz;Lk; vd;w epiy bjhpahky; jUkhWtJ fz;L/
“cz;iikf; fhjyp jd; fhjyDila cly; eyndh gpwnth
Fd;wpDk;. mts; mtid tpl;Lg; gphpahJ/ xd;wpa md;gha; bjhz;L bra;ths;. fhjyd;
caph; ePg;gpDk; mtidf; fhjyp kwths;. fhjyp cs;sj;Js;ns fhyjidad;wp ntbwd;d
epyt[k;.”
cz;ikf; fhjyd; ,ay;g[k; ,j;jd;ikanj”13
mJnghynt “vd; capnu tpl;Lf; bfhL” ehtypy; #Pyh fz;zdhy;
mtepiyikf;F Mshdjhy; jdJ fhjyd; ukzid kwf;f Koahky; jtpf;fpwhs;.
“nr . . . Mz;ltnd vdf;F Vw;gl;l f#;lj;jpw;F jPh;t[
fpilj;Jtpl;lJ vd;W kfpH;e;njnd. . mjw;Fs; vd; thH;f;ifg; glfpd; JLg;ig
gpL';fptpl;lhna . . . ,g;nghJ Cuhh; Kd;dpiyapy; ehd;
ukzid fhjypf;fpnwd; vd;W brhy;y Koa[kh #Pyhtpd; kdk; mg;gona ngjypj;J fz;fspy; tHpe;j ePh; mtspd;
fyf;fj;ij nghf;Ffpwjh/ ,y;iy g[jpa fs';fk; xd;iw Vw;gLj;Jfpwjh vd;W
bjhpahky; bgh';fp tHpe;J bfhz;oUe;jJ”14
4.3 r\fk; cjtpLk; epiy
ehk; thGk; ,e;j r\f mikg;gpy;
fw;nwhUk;/ fy;yhnjhUk; fye;nj fhzg;gLth;. mth;fs; epidj;jhy; thHt[k;
itf;fyhk;/ jhHt[k; itf;fyhk;.
fufhl;lk; Moa tprpj;uhit
utp bgz;ikiaj; jl;og;gwpf;f epidj;jjhy;; mt;t{hpy; cs;s ,uz;L goj;j
,is"h;fs; unk#;/ jk;gpj;Jiu. ,UtUk; tprpj;uhit fhg;ghw;wp Ciutpl;L mDg;gp
itf;fpwhh;fs;.
“tprpj;uhit fhg;ghw;w nfhtpy; kPJ Vwp jw;bfhiy bra;JtpLntd;”15 vd unk#; TWfpwhd;.
kf;fs; unk#;gf;fk;
ftdj;ijj; jpUk;gpajhy; tprpj;uht[k;/ RFkhUk; Ciu tpl;L tpiuthfr; brd;;wdh;.
4.4 bgz;zpd; Mntrk;
jdf;Fg; gpof;fhj ve;j xU
braypYk; bgz; <Lgl khl;lhs;. ‘vd; capnu tpl;Lf; bfhL’ ehtypy; fz;zd; #Pyhitg; ghh;j;J md;nghL ngr epidf;fpwhd;.
“,';nf ghU';f ,dpnk vd; nkny ifia tr;rh ehd;
capnuhL ,Uf;fkhl;nld;/ cz;ikapny eP';f nahf;fpakhd
Mk;gpisah ,Ue;jh/ ,dpnky; vd; nky; c';fs; tpuy; Tlg;glf; TlhJ”16
vd;W jdJ nfhgj;ijf;
fhl;Lfpwhs;.
4.4.1 t":ridf; fhuid vjph;j;jy;
jdf;F bfLjy; jUgtiuf;
fz;lhy; ahuhf ,Ue;jhYk; vjph;g;gJ cz;L. rpyh; ed;whf ,Ue;jhy; mJnt rpyUf;Fg;
gpof;fhJ. mJ nghynt nfhghy; #Pyhit jpUkzk; bra;a Koahjjhy; thH;ehspy;
Jd;gg;gLj;Jtnj bjhHpyhff; bfhz;L jdJ bray;ghLfis tFj;Jf; bfhz;lhd;.
Mdhy; “#Pyht[f;nfh nfhghiy mwnt
gpog;gjpy;iy ,Wjp rl';F vd;W fhuzk; brhy;yp #Pyhtplk; mts;
ngRk;nghbjy;yhk; jd; tpHpfshy; Rl;blhpj;jhs;.”17
nfhghy; bja;thidaplk; #Pyhit jpUkzk; bra;Jbfhs;s
nfl;Fk; nghJ/
“mtid ghG';fpzj;Jy js;Sntdh > cd;id khjphp Foia bfLf;Fk;
mnahf;fpaDf;F vd; bgz;id fl;of;bfhLf;fpwijtpl vd; ifahny mtid bfhd;W tpLntd;
Mkhk;”18
nfhghYf;F jdJ kfisj; jpUkzk; bra;J bfhLf;f kWj;J
mtid tpul;o tpLfpwhs;.
4.5 Kot[fs;
bgz; vija[k; bra;J Kof;f Koa[k; vd;w rpwg;ghd
fUj;ijg; bgw itf;fpwhh;. gy tHpfspy; tUk; gpur;ridfis vjph;j;J thH Koa[k;/
nkYk; jhapd; kdk;/ mtspy; bghWg;g[fs;/ Raeyk; kwe;J bghJeyj;jpy; <LgLk;
bjhz;Ls;sg; nghjidg; g[yg;gLfpd;wd.
FLk;gj;jpy; Vw;gLk; midj;Jg; g{ry;fSf;Fk; bgz;
<LbfhLf;fpwhs;. jdJ FLk;gj;jpy; Vw;gLk; gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPh;t[ fhz;gtshf
khWfpwhs;. jPh;tpid vLf;ff; Toa kdg;gf;Ftj;ijg; bgWfpwhs;. r\fj;jpy; rpwe;j
epiyailar; bray;gLfpwhs;.
mof;Fwpg;g[fs;
|
1.
|
Kj;jyh';Fwpr;rp
fhkuhR
|
vd; capnu
tpl;Lf;bfhL
|
g.112
|
|
2.
|
jpU.tp.f.
|
bgz;zpd; bgUik
|
g.147
|
|
3.
|
nkyJ
|
g.73
|
|
|
4.
|
fy;ahz Re;juk;
jpU.tp.
|
bgz;zpd; bgUik
my;yJ thH;f;ifj; Jiz
|
g.20
|
|
5.
|
nkyJ
|
g.9
|
|
|
6.
|
jpU.tp.f.
|
bgz;zpd; bgUik
|
g.23
|
|
7.
|
nkyJ
|
g.11
|
|
|
8.
|
nkyJ
|
g.132
|
|
|
9.
|
nkyJ
|
g.13
|
|
|
10.
|
Rg;gpukzpad; r.nt.
|
jkpH; ,yf;fpa tuyhW
|
g.248
|
|
11.
|
nkyJ
|
g.140
|
|
|
12.
|
nkyJ
|
g.140
|
|
|
13.
|
jpU.tp.f.
|
bgz;zpd; bgUik
|
g.223
|
|
14.
|
nkyJ
|
g.32
|
|
|
15.
|
nkyJ
|
g.144
|
|
|
16.
|
nkyJ
|
g.42
|
|
|
17.
|
nkyJ
|
g.8
|
|
|
18.
|
nkyJ
|
g.9
|
,ay; - 5
bgz;fSf;F ,iHf;fg;gLk;
bfhLikfSk; rl;l';fSk;
5.0 Kd;Diu
Mz;fisg; ngy bgz;fSf;F rkchpik
nfl;Lg; nghuhLtjhy;/ Vw;fdnt bfhLikfSf;fhFk; bgz;fs; nkYk; gy Kiwfspy;
bfhLikg;gLj;jg;gLfpwhh;fs;. mjw;fhf murk;/ jd;dhh;tj;bjhz;L
epWtd';fSk; nghuho tUfpd;wd.
5.1 bgz;fSf;F ,iHf;fg;gLk; bfhLikfs;
1. tujl;rid
2. ghypay; gyhj;fhuk;
3. FHe;ij gUtj;jpy; jpUkzk;
4. cld; fl;il VWjy;
5. bgz;fis nfyptij bra;jy;
6. kzg;bgz; vhpg;g[
7. tpgr;rhuj; bjhHpy;
8. tpjit
9. FHe;ijfs; ghypay;
gyhj;fhuk;
10. brhj;Jhpik kWj;jy;
nghd;w bfhLikfshy; bgz;fs;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
5.1.1 tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpy; bgz;fs;
“tuyhw;W nehf;fpy; ,e;jpag; bgz;fspd; r\f epiyia
nehf;Fk; bghGJ rKjhaj;jpd; Muk;g fhyfl;l';fspy; mth;fspd; epiy nkk;gl;nl ,Ue;jJ
vd;W fUjf; fhuz';fs; cs;sd. rKjhaj;jpd; Muk;g fhyfl;l';fspy; jha;tHpr; rKjhak;
tHf;fpy; ,Ue;jJ vd;w bfhs;if ,f;fUj;ij Mjhpf;f Kf;fpa rhd;whFk;”.
5.1.2 19Mk; 20Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspd; bgz;fs;
,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpy; bgz;fspd;
tiutpy; Muha;e;jhy; bgz;fs; gpwe;jJ Kjy; ,wg;gJ tiuapy; xt;bthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk;
gy;ntW tpjkhd r\ff; bfhLikfSf;F MshapUf;fpd;wd vd;gijna fhl;Lfpd;wd.
5.1.3 bgz; rpRf;bfhiy
,e;jpahtpd; gy gFjpfspy; bgz;
FHe;ijfs; gpwe;jt[ld; mth;fisf; bfhy;Yk; gHf;fk; tHf;fpy; ,Ue;jJ. ,f;bfhLikiag;
bgUk;ghYk; mf;FHe;ijapd; cwtpdh;fns g[hpe;J te;jdh;. ,g;gHf;fj;ij mth;fs;
filgpoj;J te;jhy; mth;fisf; bfhLikf;fhuh;fs; vd;W vz;qtJ jtW. xU bgz; FHe;ij
gpwe;J tsh;e;J jd; thH;f;ifapy; xt;bthU fl;lj;jpYk; btt;ntW tpjkhd Jd;g';fis
mDgtpg;gjw;F khwhf/ mtisg; gpwe;jt[ld; bfhd;W tpLtnj mts; thH;f;ifg;
gpur;ridf;Fj; jPh;thf mika[k; vd;W fUjpna mth;fs; ,k;Kiwiaf; filg;gpoj;jdh;.
bgz;fspd; thH;tpw;Fk;/ capUf;Fk; ,Ue;j kjpg;gw;w epiyikia ,t;thwhd tHf;f';fs;
fhl;Lfpd;wd.
5.2 bgz;zpak; gw;wpa rpe;jidfs;
Mzpd; njitfis epiwt[ bra;gtns
bgz; vd;gij rKjhaj;jpd; epiyahf cs;sJ. Mqf;Fg; ghYzh;t[f; fth;r;rpiaj; jUtnj
bgz;ik vd;gnj Mz;fspy; vz;zk; vd;w fUj;J ,';F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
fhyk; fhykhfj; bjhlh;e;J
tUk; ,t;tz;zk; khw;wg;gl ntz;Lk;. bgz; btWk; nghfg;bghUs; ,y;iy. Mqk; bgz;qk;
rk chpika[ilath;fs; vd;w rpe;jidfs; njhd;wpanghJ bgz;zpaKk; njhd;wpaJ vdyhk;.
fpgp 17/18Mk;
E}w;whz;Lfspy; njhd;wpa bgzzpar rpejiap Kd;ndhoahf nkhp y;!;ld; fpuhg;l; vd;w
M';fpyg; bgz;kzpiaf; Fwpg;gpLtjhy; ,tiuj; bjhlh;e;J gyUk; bgz;zpar; rpe;jidfis
btspapl;ldh;
‘bgz;zpaj;jpd; jha; (Mother of Feminism) vdg; ngrg;gLk; bgl;o gpiuld;/ ‘bghpidd; kp!;of;’ (Feminine Mystic) vd;w Eypy; bgz;zpak; gw;wpa gy
fUj;Jf;fisf; Twpa[s;shh; r\fj;jpYk; nkiyj; jisj;jpYk; fk;gj;jpYk; epyt[k; bgz;
xLf;FKiw kw;Wk; Ruz;ly; gw;wpa bgz;fspd; czh;t[ epiyfSk;/ ,e;epiyia khw;Wtjw;F
bgz;fSk; Mz;fSk; vLf;Fk; czh;t[ g{h;tkhd eltof;iffSk; bgz;zpaj;jpd; gue;J
gl;l tiuaiwahf ,e;E}y; Twg;gLfpwJ. nuh!; nkhplh!; gy tifg; bgz;zpak; gw;wp
gy;ntW g[idf; fUj;Jf;fs; ,Ug;gjhfj; jdJ ‘Feminist Thought’ vd;w E}ypy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. njthjg; bgz;zpak;/
jPtputhjg; bgz;zpak;/ nrh#yprg; bgz;zpak; vd;w mtw;iw tifg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.
$hd; !;bth;l;kpy; jk; ‘bgz;zoik’ (Subject of Women) vd;w E}ypy;/ FLk;gk; vd;w
epWtdk; bgz;qf;Fg; ghjfkhdJ vd;W Twpa[s;shh;.
1995-,y; tpad;dhtpy;
eilbgw;w kdpj chpikfs; khehl;oy; ‘bgz;qhpik - kdpj chpik’ vd;w Fuy; xypj;jJ.
1910Mk; Mz;L khh;r; 8,y;
epa{ahh;f; efug; g";rhiyj; bjhHpyhsg; bgz;fs; vGg;gpa chpikf;Fuy;
rh;tnjrg; bgz;fs; jpdj;jpw;F moj;jskhapw;W. ,e;jpahtpd; tWik/ td;Kiw
tFg;g[thjk;/ Mjpak;/ rprpf;bfhiy/ CHy; Mfpa rpf;fy;fSf;F vjpuhfg; bgz;fis xd;W
jpul;Lk; flikiar; bra;fpd;w jpdkhf rh;tnjrg; bgz;fs; jpdj;ij nkw;bfhs;SkhW
midj;jpe;jpa $dehaf khjh; r';fk; miwTth; tpLj;Js;sJ. fle;j Mz;L bld;khh;f;fpy;
mbkhpf;f Kjy; bgz;kzp fpshhp nuhjk; fpspz;ld; ViH ehLfspy; cs;s bgz;fspd;
vGj;jwptpd;ikiag; nghf;f 10nfho lhyh; epjp je;jhh;.
‘bgz;zoik jPukl;Lk; ngRe;jpU ehl;oy;
kz;zoik jPh;j;jy;
Kaw;rpbfhk;ng’
vd;gij cyfk; czuj; bjhl';fp tpl;lJ.
bgz;zpdj;Jf;F kl;Lkpd;wp xU rkj;Jt rKjhak; cUthdJ kdpj ,dj;ijna nkk;gLj;j
ty;yJ.
5.2.1 nkny ehl;L bgz;zpak;
bgz;apaj;jpw;F mog;gilahd rkj;Jtk;. Rje;jpuk;
nghd;w fUj;Jf;fs; Kjd; Kjypy; gpuhd;R ehl;oy; vGe;jJ. gpd;dh; mit mbkhpf;fh
kw;Wk; ,';fpyhe;jpYk; bgz;zpa ,af;fkhf tsh;r;rp mile;jJ. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;
nghUf;Fg; gpd;dh; mbkhpf;fh/ ,';fpyhe;jpy; cs;s kfsph; mikg;g[fs; bgz;fspd;
eyDf;fhfg; nghuhod.
mbkhpf;fhtpd; njrpa kfsph;
fl;rp (National Womens Party) njrpa ntiy ghh;f;Fk; bgz;fspd; tpahghuf;
Tl;lf;FG (National Fecleration of
Professional Womens Busines) nghd;w mikg;g[fSk;/
,';fpyhe;jpy; ghr brhirl;o (Fawcett Society) bgz;fspd; tpLjiyf;FG (Stectus of Womens Group), bjhHpy; fl;rp nghd;w mikg;g[fSk; bgz;fspd;
eyDf;fhfg; nghuhod. mbkhpf;fhtpy; bgz;fs; thf;Fhpikf;fhfg; nghuhoa ,UbgUk;
,a';f';fs; bgz;fs; fl;rpa[k;/ (Womens Party) et;rht[k; (Nawsa) MFk;. ,it bgz;fSf;Ff;
fy;tpay; rk tha;g;g[/ Mz;fSf;F bgz;fSf;Fk; rkCjpak; rl;lj;jpy; rk chpik
FHe;ijfs; ntiyf;F mkh;j;Jtijj; jilbra;jy; Kjypatw;iw milag; nghuhod.
5.2.3 nkiy ehl;oy; bgz;zpapj;jpd; njhw;wk;
rKjhaj;jpy; khw;w';fs;
njhd;WtJ tsh;r;rpf;Fk; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; mog;gilahd bjhd;whFk;. 18Mk E}w;whz;L
tiu tHf;fpypUe;J r\f kjpg;gPLfs; midj;Jk; rkar; rhhg[ilatd/ thH;fifapd; midj;J
ekgpf;iffSk;/ gHf;f tHf;f';fSk; rkaj;jpd; m';fPfhuk; bgw;W thH;f;if epajpfshf
Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg;gl;l KG ek;gpf;ifa[ld; braw;gl;L te;jd. rKjhaj;jpy; kjk; KG
Mjpf;fk; brYj;jpaJ. mk;kjj;ijr; bray;gLj;Jk; kjj; jiyth;fs; flt[s;fSf;fpizahf
kjpf;fg;gl;L te;jdh;. r\fj;jpy; epytp te;j jPikfSk; kjj;jpd; m';fPfhuj;njhLk;
r\fk; fl;Lg;ghLfisj; jsh;j;jf; TlhJ vd;w bfhs;ifnahLk; fhyk; fhykhff;
filgpof;fg;gl;L te;jdh;.
5.3. bgz;zpapak; njhd;wf; fhuzk;
18Mk; E}w;whz;oy; Inuhg;gpa
rKjhj;jpy; rpy khw;w';fs; njhd;wj; bjhl';fpd. ,jw;F mo nfhypait g[Jikf;
fUj;Jf;fs; MFk;. ,g;g[Jikf; fUj;Jf;fs; ,f;Tl;lj;jpy; njhd;wf; bjhl';fpajhy; ,f;fhy fl;lj;ijg; gFj;jwpe;J bjspa[k; fhyk; (Age of reason / Age of Enlightenment) vd;W miHf;fpd;wdh;. ,jd;go cyfj;jpy; tH';Fk; vija[k;
fhuz fhhpa';fnshL gFj;jwpe;J Muha;e;J/ bjhpe;J cz;ik vdj; bjhpatw;iwna Vw;Wf;bfhs;s
ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; gutj; bjhl';fpaJ.
,jd; tpisthf cyf
thH;f;ifapd; TWfs; midj;Jk; Muha;r;rpf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,t;thW Muha;r;rpf;F
cl;gLj;jpatw;Ws; xU gFjp r\f kjpg;g[fs; MFk;. r\fj;jpy; guk;giuahf tH';fp te;j
Vw;wj; jhH;t[fs;/ Mjpf;fk; Kjypatw;iw typa[Wj;Jk; kjpg;g[fs; aht[k;
tpthjj;jpw;F chpa bghUshapd. ,it cz;ikf;Fg; g[wk;ghditfshff; fUjg;gl;L rkj;Jtk;
- jdpkdpj Rje;jpuk;/ Foahl;rp/ vy;nyhUf;Fk; xny epajp vd;w g[jpa r\f kjpg;g[fs;
cUthfj; bjhl';fpd.
5.4 bgz;fSf;fhd ,l xJf;fPL
1993k; Mz;L tpad;dhtpy; eilbgw;w
kdpj chpik khehl;oy; bgz;fs; chpika[k; kdpj chpikna vd gpufldg; gl;ld.
198y; bgz;fSf;fhd njrpa Mizaf;FG murpay; mikg;g[ 73d;
goa[k; bgz;fs; chpik typa[Wj;jg;gl;d. g";rhaj;Jfspy; bgz;fSf;F 33 rjtPjk;
,lk; xJf;fPL bra;ag;gl;ld.
kj;jpa muR 2001 Mk; Mz;il
bgz;fs; chpik Mz;lhf bfhz;lhoaJ.
1956Mk; Mz;L rl;lk; Mz;
bgz; rkk; vd TWfpwJ.
1975Mk; Mz;L bgz;fs;
tpLjiyr; rl;lk; bgz;fSf;F brhj;Jhpik mspj;jJ.
1993Mk; Mz;L kfsph;
fz;nzhl;l jpl;lk; midj;J JiwfspYk; bgz;fSf;F 30rjtPjk; ,lxJf;fPL bra;ag;gl;lJ.
5.4.1 bgz;fSf;fhd rl;l';fs;
1. bgz;fs; brhj;Jhpikr; rl;lk;
1874
2. ,e;J jpUkzr; rl;lk; 1955
3. tujl;rid jLg;g[ rl;lk; 1961
4. FLk;g ePjpkd;w rl;lk; 1959
5. kfg;ngW eyr;rl;lk; 1961
6. kUj;Jt hPjpahd fUf;fiyg;g[
rl;lk; 1971
7. ghy;a kzj; jLg;g[ rl;lk;
1979
8. rk Typ rl;lk; 1976
9. cld; fl;il VWjy; jLg;g[
rl;lk; 1987
5.4.2 bgz;fSf;fhd chpikfs;
1. bgz;fy;tp
2. Foa[hpik
3. brhj;Jhpik
4. jpUkzKk; tpthfuj;Jk;
5.5 r';ffhyg;bgz;fs;
mqf;Fg; bgz; fl;Lg;gl;lts;/
Mnz Kjd;ikahdtd; vd;w epiy epWj;jg;gl;oUe;jJ.
r';f rKjhaj;jpy; bgz;fSf;F
kjpg;g[ bfhLj;jija[k; r';f ,yf;fpak; \yk; mwpfpnwhk;. Mz;fSf;Fr; rkkhfg;
bgz;fs; gy tPu bray;fisg; g[hpe;J Mly; ghly;fspYk; tpisahl;Lf;fspYk; j';fspd; jpwikia btspg;gLj;jp
,Uf;fpd;wdh;.
jpUkzj;ijg; bghWj;jtiu
tpUk;gpatid kzKof;ft[k; chpik cz;L. kdcWjpa[k; ,Ue;Js;sJ. fw;g[ila kfsph;
flt[shff; fUjg;gl;ldh;.
kwf;Fo kfsph;f;F tPuk;
gpwtpapnyna ,ay;ghapw;W. nghh;f;fsj;jpy; g[wKJfplhky; goe;j kfid vz;zp kfpH;e;j
kfSk; cz;L. Mz;fspd; mePjpia vjph;j;Jg; nghuhoa gh";rhypa[k;/ fztDf;fhf
thjpl;l fz;zfpa[k; thH;e;Js;shs; vd;W ,jpfhrKk; ,yf;fpaKk; rhd;W gfph;fpd;wd.
5.6 jw;fhyg; bgz;fs;
jw;fhyj;jpy;/ r';ffhyj;jpy;
,Ue;j bgz;fSf;F kjpg;g[ bfhLj;jijg; nghy kjpg;g[ bfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy. Mqk; bgz;qk; jhapd; tapw;wpy; cUthfp gpwf;Fk;
fhy mst[ rkk;jhd;. Mdhy; Mz; FHe;ijfSf;F bfhLf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bgz;FHe;ijfSf;F
bfhLg;gjpy;iy. bgz; FHe;ij vd;W bjhpe;jt[ld; bfhiy bra;jy;/ gof;f itg;gjpy;iy.
tujl;rid/ Mid nrh;e;J thH ntz;Lk; vd;W fl;lhaj;jpw;F js;sg;gLjy; nghd;w epiy
fhzg;gLfpwJ ,jid jLf;f/ midj;Jg; bgz;fSk;/ jd;dhh;tj; bjhz;L epWtd';fSk; murk;
cw;Wnehf;fp jPh;t[ fhqk; fl;lha epiy cUthf;fpa[s;sJ. mjd; btspg;ghnl bgz;qhpikr; rl;l';fs;.
jw;fhyg;bgz;fs; fy;tpapy; Kd;ndwp
tUfpd;wdh;. vdnt FLk;gj;jpy; mDruida[ld; ele;J bfhz;Lk;. fy;tpia FHe;ijfSf;F
mspj;J thH;fpd;wdh;.
nkYk; Mz;fSf;F moikg;gl;L
fple;j fhyk; ngha; ,d;W Mz;fSf;Fr; rhpepfuhf ntiyapYk; jpwikapYk; bgz;fs;
nghl;og; nghl;Lf; bfhz;L thH;fpd;wdh;.
khkpahh;/ khkdhh; bfhLik
kiwe;J ez;gh;fs; epiyf;F te;Js;sdh; vd;whYk; ,d;Dk; rpy ,l';fspy; td;Kisfs;
ele;J bfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij kWf;f Koahj.
5.7 Kd;ndw;wg;ghijapy; bgz;fs;
rkaj;ijg; gug;g te;j
ghjphpahh;fs; r\fj;jpy; gpw;gl;l epiyapy; cs;s kf;fis Kd;ndw;Wtjw;F ciHj;jJ
nghynt bgz;fs; Kdndw;wj;jpw;Fk ghLglldh;.
19k; E}w;whz;oy; ,e;jpa
rPh;jpUj;j thjpahd uh$huhk; nkhfd; uha; mUk;ghLgl;L mePjpia xHpj;jhh;
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;od;
bjhlf;fj;jpy; bgz;fs; fy;tpapy; Kd;ndw;wk; milaj; bjhl';fpdh;
190Mk;Mz;L ‘rf;u th;j;jpdp’ vd;w bgahpy; bgz;fs; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;fhd khj ,jHpy;
ghujpahh; bgz;fspd; Kd;ndw;wk; Fwpj;J gy fl;Liufis vGjpdhh;. 1926Mk; Mz;L Kjy;
1930Mk; Mz;L tiu brd;id rl;l nkyitapYk; btspapYk; bgz;fs; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;fhfg;
gy gzpfs; Mw;wpdhh;.
1927Mk;Mz;L jpUtpf vGja ‘bgz;fspd; bgUik my;yJ thH;f;ifj; Jiz eyk;’ vd;w E}ypy; bgz;zpd; bgUikfisf; Twpa[s;shh;.
nkYk; ‘bgz; bgUik bgwpd; ehLk; bgWik bgWk;’ vd;w nehf;fj;Jld; ,e;E}iyg; gilj;Js;shh;.
5.8 Kot[fs;
Mz;fisg; nghy bgz;fSk;
rhpepfhpy; bray;gl;lhYk; r\fj;jpy; Mz;fs; epiyf;F kjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. gy bjhz;L
epWtd';fSk; murk; gy rl;l jpl;l';fis bray;gLj;jptUfpd;wd. MdhYk; ,d;Dk; rpy
,l';fspy; bgz;fSf;F ,iHf;fg;glk; bfhLikfs; ele;J bfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,e;j
epiy khw ntz;Lk;. bgz;fSf;fhf kf;fs; midtUk; nghuho chpikia bgwntz;Lk;.
bgz;zpak; gw;wpa rpe;jidfs;
,d;W mjpf mstpy; ngrg;gLfpd;wd. nkYk; bgz;fs; bra;a[k; ntiyfisg; bghWj;J
mth;fspd; kjpg;g[ mstplg;gLfpd;wJ. bgz;zpak; bgz;zpaj;jpw;F Fuy; bfhLg;nghh;.
r';ffhyk; bjhl;L ,f;fhyk; tiu bgz;fs; epiy gw;wpa[k; bghpahhpd; bgz;zpar;
rpe;jidfSk; bghpahhpd; vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sJ.
bgz;fs; epiy cau midj;J
ntiyfisa[k; bgz;fs; bra;tjw;F Kd;tu ntz;Lk;. bgz;zpak; gw;wp E}y;fspYk;
VLfspYk; vGjp kf;fSf;F tpHpg;g[zh;r;rpia Vw;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. mf;fhyk; bjhl;L ,d;W
tiu bgz;zpak; gw;wpa rpe;jidfisr; bray;ghl;ow;Ff; bfhz;L tuntz;Lk;.
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